Crime and Deviance keywords

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Crime
Acts that break formal written law
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Deviance
Behaviour that breaks or violates norms and values of a group
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Rewards
Positive benefits received for an act
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Dominant values
Beliefs that form a basis for action and are held by most people or by those with the power to force their values on others
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Informal social control
Ways in which people get others to conform to norms, for example ridiculing them or with looks of dissapointment
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Sanctions
Penalties imposed for not conforming to norms and values
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Formal social control
Ways in which the government or it's agencies such as police and law courts get people to conform to norms and values
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Agencies of social control
Organisations, institutions and groups that guide or coerce people into conforming to norms
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Policing
The ways in which the police carry out their work such as investigating crimes and arresting offenders
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Penal system
The formal organisation of punishments for crime in a society
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Prison
A place for physically confining offenders, depriving them of their freedom
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Conformity
Matching attitudes and behaviour to those of the group
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Surveillance
monitoring individuals and groups by governments or others, collecting information with the intention of preventing crime
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Official crime statistics
Official figures of the number of crimes and offenders
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Dark figure
The unknown number of crimes not included in official statistics
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Self report studies
Research that asks people what crimes or deviant acts they have committed
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White-collar crime
non-violent crime committed by middle class people for financial gain, such as fraud embezzlement, bribery and identity theft
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Victim surveys
research that asks people what crimes they have been victims of
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Corporate crime
Crime committed by corporations or organisations, usually in pursuit of profit for the corporation rather than the benefit of individuals
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Moral panic
Exaggerated social reaction to deviance, creating a demand for action against it
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Juvenile Delinquency
Deviant acts by young people that would be treated as crimes if they were older
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Socialisation
The process by which individuals learn the norms and values of a social group
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Relative deprivation
The feeling of having less than others with whom comparison can legitimately be made
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Crime rates
Statistical measures of crime
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Targeting
When the police focus on a particular group of people, believing them to be more likely involved in criminal behaviour than others
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Crime prevention
Attemps by governments to reduce crime, enforcing and maintain criminal justice
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Cybercrime
Crime involving use of new technologies such as computers
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Internet crime
Crime involving the use of the internet
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Community sentencing
punishments that involve non-custodial sentences, such as carrying out work for the community
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Detterent
When a punishment is intended to stop the offender or others from committing the offence so as to avoid the punishment
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Exile
Punishment involving the offender having to leave their home and community
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Ostracism
Punishment involving being excluded from the community
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Judicial system
The system of courts that apply and interpret laws
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Rehabilitation
When the punishment involves work or education to help offenders realise they were wrong to commit the crime and to help them resume a law-abiding life
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Sociological explainations
Attemps to account for phenomena such as crime that rely on sociological (as opposed to biological or phycological) insights
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Peer groups
A group that individuals identify with because they share characteristics such as age or status
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Status frustration
When people are unable to achieve the socially approved goals because of their position in society
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Anomie
When the social bonds and shared values system between a society and individuals are broken, so people do not respect these social values and feel outside society
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Urban crime
Crime in cities or associated with the lifestyle people have in cities
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Material Deprivation
Being short of the material goods needed in society
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Labelling
The way in which acts and people are defined as deviant by the social reaction to their behaviour
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Master status
A status that overrides all others and becomes the way that individuals see themselves and are seen by others
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Deviant career
In labelling theory this term described the choices that individuals make which lead to them to behave in ways labelled as deviant and they go on following a deviant path
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Deviancy amplification
When responses to deviance create further deviance
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Masculinity
The attitudes and behaviour associated with being a man in a particular culture
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Inadequate socialisation
socialisation that fails to fully instill social norms and values and so makes individuals more likely to become deviant
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Law enforcement agencies
government agencies with powers to make people conform to the law in their area, such as police forces
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Stereotyping
representations of groups in popular culture or views held by individuals that assume that all members of the group have the same characteristics
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Stigma
a label that changes the labelled persons positive self-image to a negative one
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Sub-culture
a group of people in culture who have sufficiently different noms and values to be seen as a separate group
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Youth culture
the ways of life of young people between childhood and adulthood
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Youth sub-culture
a distinct group within a general you culture, such as Goths
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Behaviour that breaks or violates norms and values of a group

Back

Deviance

Card 3

Front

Positive benefits received for an act

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Beliefs that form a basis for action and are held by most people or by those with the power to force their values on others

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Ways in which people get others to conform to norms, for example ridiculing them or with looks of dissapointment

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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