Crime and deviance key terms

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  • Created by: holly6901
  • Created on: 19-10-20 11:31
those who are employed to prevent people from acting deviantly or committing crime.
Agent of social control
1 of 45
a concept identified by Durkheim and later developed by Merton. Durkheim sees it as a state of normlessness and Merton suggests it is due to the struggle between consensus and conflict theories
Anomie
2 of 45
the number of people who are arrested or convicted per every 1,000 people.
Arrest rate
3 of 45
introduced in 2003 to help to limit and control deviant individuals who had engaged in anti-social behaviour.
ASBO
4 of 45
Functionalist sociologist Travis Hirschi was interested not so much in why people commit crimes but why most people (most of the time) do not.
Bonds of attachment
5 of 45
refers to the way in which people working in a particular workplace can develop a shared set of values and prejudices. In the context of Crime and Deviance, the workforce in question is the police force.
Canteen culture
6 of 45
acts as a formal method of surveillance within society, recording and monitoring public behaviour.
CCTV
7 of 45
When trying to explain crime statistics showing that men commit many more criminal acts than women, some sociologists suggest that these statistics do not reflect reality; rather that mostly-male law enforcement officers tend to attempt to protect women f
Chivalry culture
8 of 45
a Marxist perspective and one that sees the police not as a part of the community but as a hostile outside force.
Conflict policing
9 of 45
Functionalist sociologists see the police as coming from and working on behalf of the community that they police.
Consensus policing
10 of 45
One explanation for gender differences in criminality is the idea that women and girls are controlled more than boys and men are.
Control theory
11 of 45
refers specifically to crimes committed by companies rather than individuals (although individuals might well be found to have ultimate criminal responsibility, e.g. the CEO).
Corporate crime
12 of 45
Sociologists are interested in the policies and practices designed to prevent crime.
Crime prevention
13 of 45
data taken from official police statistics which reveal the number of crimes committed per every 1,000 individuals from the population.
Crime rate
14 of 45
Every year the Home Office conduct a survey in order to gain a better picture of levels of criminality in the UK than that offered by official police statistics.
CSEW
15 of 45
a broad and collective term for a wide range of institutions and systems that exist to prevent, detect and prosecute crime as well as to punish and/or rehabilitate offenders.
Criminal Justice system
16 of 45
an approach to the sociology of crime and deviance which is closely related to radical criminology and approaches the subject from a conflict perspective. This approach is influenced by Marxism and feminism, as well as incorporating some post-modernist an
Critical Criminology
17 of 45
relates the incidence of victimisation with social groups in society and seeks to point out how some social groups (such as women and the poor) are structurally more at risk of crime.
Critical Victimology
18 of 45
the tribunal where more serious crimes (indictable offences) are tried
Crown Court
19 of 45
that the canteen culture of the police affects how they apply their discretion, meaning that they are more likely to be suspicious of and hostile to certain social groups.
Cultural discretion
20 of 45
It is widely understood that the official crime statistics will not include a wide range of criminal activity that occurs but is not, for a wide range of reasons, due to reporting, recording and recognising
Dark Figure of crime
21 of 45
a term used by interactionist sociologists to refer to the way levels of deviance or crime can be increased by the societal reaction to deviance itself.
Deviancy amplification
22 of 45
anything that deviates from the norms and values of society (not all of which is necessarily criminal).
Deviant behaviour
23 of 45
examine how crime is distributed among different geographical locations.
Ecological explanations
24 of 45
A lot of post-modern theory of crime and deviance focuses on the way in which crime is alluring and people commit crime because they get a buzz from it, rather than because of socialisation, subcultures or deprivation.This theory recognises the enjoyment
Edgework
25 of 45
A subcultural explanation of why young working-class males commit crime centres on the idea that they are socialised into a particular set of norms and values that he calls focal concerns.
Focal concerns
26 of 45
Cohen argued that when the media reports on deviant behaviour they construct a narrative which features a clear villain: the folk devil. In the case of his study, the folk devils were the violent youth subcultures
Folk devils
27 of 45
Social control can be both formal and informal. While we control the behaviour of others informally through exhibiting disapproval and censure, society also has formal mechanisms (most obviously the police) to prevent significant deviance
Formal mechanisms
28 of 45
refers to crimes committed against the environment.
Green crime
29 of 45
efer to crimes where the motive for the crime is discrimination against individuals because of certain characteristics such as ethnicity or sexual orientation.
Hate crime
30 of 45
Because material wealth was difficult to come by (see strain theory), some groups saw ways to develop crime as an alternative career path which might accrue significant rewards.
Illegitimate opportunity structures
31 of 45
when the police choose whether or not to enforce the law in certain situations
Individual discretion
32 of 45
a concept developed by Foucault to describe how we are now so conscious of constant surveillance that we have internalised it
Internalised surveillance
33 of 45
developed by Howard Becker and is based on the simple idea that deviance is not a characteristic of an act, but instead a label that is placed on an act.
Labelling theory
34 of 45
Many traditional sociological theories of crime are criticised for being too theoretical and abstract, not useful in terms of developing social policy. For realists, crime is a real social problem that requires solutions and therefore sociological theory
Left realists
35 of 45
When crimes are close together
Locality
36 of 45
Report on Stephen Lawrence
MacPhearson
37 of 45
in reference to the societal reaction – particularly the media reaction – to mods and rockers.
Moral Panic
38 of 45
When crimes happen at night
Nocturnal economy
39 of 45
refers to any crime committed at work
Occupational crime
40 of 45
Statistics generated by what is recorded by the police and then what is processed through the criminal justice system.
Official crime statistics
41 of 45
it is argued that people contribute towards their own victimhood through certain characteristics or behaviour.
Positivist victimology
42 of 45
a Marxist approach to crime that looks at criminality in its full social context and specifically considers how the ruling class uses crime to further its own interests.
Radical criminologist
43 of 45
Some approaches to crime and deviance and especially crime prevention are based on the assumption that criminals make a rational choice to commit a crime.
Rational Choice theory
44 of 45
refers to inequality: the idea that people are deprived (materially or in other ways) compared with others in society.
Relative inequality
45 of 45

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

a concept identified by Durkheim and later developed by Merton. Durkheim sees it as a state of normlessness and Merton suggests it is due to the struggle between consensus and conflict theories

Back

Anomie

Card 3

Front

the number of people who are arrested or convicted per every 1,000 people.

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

introduced in 2003 to help to limit and control deviant individuals who had engaged in anti-social behaviour.

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Functionalist sociologist Travis Hirschi was interested not so much in why people commit crimes but why most people (most of the time) do not.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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