Crime and Deviance A2

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  • Created by: Fxck_ambz
  • Created on: 02-12-16 12:46
Social construction of crime
Newburn-crime is a label of behaviour attached to it but is due to judgement as the CJS and police use their judgement for example killing someone in a knife crime is criminal but in self-defence is not criminal
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social construction of deviance
Downes and Rock-seen as weird open to ambiguity
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why are people controlled ?
to maintain social order,to ensure cohesion and social harmony.
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How are we punished
through sanctions, rehabilitation, removal of society, prison, fines, injunctions
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Societal and situational deviance
Plummer-2 types of deviance. situational - based on the situation. societal -based on laws in society.
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Social construction
Norms & values passed down. social construction-built by society culture for example parking on double yellows.
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Non-deviant crime
underage drinking, parking on double yellows.
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Time-
from 2007 illegal to smoke indoors.1969 homosexuality legal
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Place
Cant have sex outdoors
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Social group
Adolescents think smoking cannabis is acceptable whereas adults dont
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Culture
in israel cant drink but britain is fine
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Durkehim's view on crime
Crime is function: enables social change-new policies such as the Human Rights act, Strengthens values-reminds society that crime is wrong, acts as a safety valve-relieves stressors, acts as a warning device-lets society know its working.
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crime promotes unity
example in 9/11 as it reinforces commitment to values by reminding them of what is acceptable and unacceptable.
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modern society works toward anomie
the rates of governing behaviour become weak or clear cut. modern society is complex, the collective conscience is weakened.
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Merton's strain theory
crime is functional. people are too integrated in society. five types of individual responses to blocked opportunities.
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Durkheim believes integrated or not integrated?
Not integrated.
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Individual responses
Conformist - housewife. accepts the means and the goals. Innovator-accepts the goals but rejects the means and adopts alternate measures for example the mafia. Rebellion-reject means and the goals-turn to crime-gangs. Retreatist-give up drug dealers
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an example of a retreatist
drug dealer and homeless person
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ritualist
factory workers as they accept the means but reject the goals as they dont see the point anymore.
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Hirshi's bonds of attachment
Anomie. Not integrated if they commit crime.
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4 bonds of attachment
attachment- relationships they have and they wont risk losing this bonds. commitment-witholding laws and rules. tighter regulation-cctv-committed to protecting britain. belief-we care about opions and views acting as a control element-removal of soci
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involvement-
intregration in society they have neither the time or inclination to behave in a deviant way.
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Cohen:subcultural theorist.
working class boys have the same values as all boys but they rarely have oportunites to fulfil their dreams. So their response to blocked opportunities is a collective response
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What is the reaction formation in Cohen's view
status frustration
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What is the advantage of cohen's view
still relevant
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what is a disadvantage of Cohen's view
ignores non-gang deliquency , focuses on males.
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how does cohen criticise merton?
Merton only looks at utilitarian crime.
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is it relevant to females?
need to question whether "reaction formation" and "status frustration" are applicable and relevant to deviant girls.
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Cloward and Ohlin criticise merton and cohen
as see working class as having their own deviant subcultural values.
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There are three deliquent subculture found in the "disorganized areas" of working class communities.
criminal subcultures-in w/c communities where blocked opportunities cause a response centred around "illegitimate career structure" e.g. petty theft. The second subculture "conflict violent subculture" exists where both legitmate and illegitimate
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conflict subculture
both legitimate and illegitimate structures not available for example drug dealing.
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the third retreatist subculture
involves those who could not make it in crime or violence who retreat into drugs and alcoholism paid by petty theft, shoplifting and prostitution
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Millers focal concerns
seeing deliqunecy linked to macho lower class culture of focal cocerns into which males are socialised.
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six focal concerns
trouble-play fighting. fate-making the most of what you got. excitement- engaging in fun activities. smartness-acting jack the lad. autonomy-not accepting authority such as police and teachers, toughness-playing sport and drinking alcohol
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Nightingale
young black youths-reflected mertons idea of shared goals as they adopted the role of innovators and engaged in crime to obtain them.
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Lea and young
Young working class males linked to mertons idea of blocked opportunities. young working class turn to crime due to poor educations, high level of unemployment.
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Bourgios
studied "el barrio" drug dealers similar conclusions to merton, cloward and ohlin as they have inspiration to same goals and values.
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Winlow
masculinity in the workng class communities is a study of young males in sunderland. Denied access to careers drove working class males into competition for peers and territory.
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reiner-
culture of consumerism has developed since 1950s and money led to a society centred on money which causes an anomic reaction.
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katz
crime is seductive as women find it attractive for boys to commit crimes for example speeding or parking on a double yellow.
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katz
culture of masculinity-males socialised into criminality by all major institutions
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what toys encourage criminality
guns, knifes, police outfits.
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how can we stop boys from being socialised into criminality?
socialising them into another way.
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crime commited by males and females?
****-99.8% male 95% of child abuse. 85%murder 95% domestic violence. 90% of assualt. 95% of dating violence
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male homicide victims?
75% male 25% female.
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Why do the figures seem more female?
women are socialised to fear being victims of crime but males are more likely to be victims as males assert dominance.
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What does Katz say about gender?
Not about blocked opportunities but being "male"
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Winlow
crisis of masculinity as traditional notions of masculinity associated with working class males have disappeared as no male jobs as women climb the social ladder. women can be police officers and politicians.
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Collision
hegemonic masculinity needs to be explored in order to explain the very nature of crime this means males sign up to be masculine
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Conell
males aspire and conspire to hegemonic masculinity by this he means men sign up to being masculine.
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Maffesoli
"Neo tribes" are fluid. fashionable behaviour and individual identity are more important than sharing of deviant values are subject to rapid change.
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C.Murray
underclass dont have the same values as other individuals. most of the crimes in britain are due to the underclass and that its due to generosity of the welfare state
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why is generosity of welfare state a problem?
because women feel the need to be single parents and males feel the need to not work
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Stephen Jones
a growing underclass in cities. given rise to criminal activities such as gangs, territories, drugs, divided on rational economic grounds.
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Taylor
declining demand for unskilled labour. older industrial areas affected. therefore underclass criminality is a consequence of material deprivation rather than unacceptable culture.
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Matza
argued theres no set of anti-social values. all groups use a shared set of subterranean values. most people most of the time control these desires. when people are deviant they use techniques of neutralisation to justify their actions.
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difference between offenders and law abiding citizens are
techniques of neutralisation and frequency in which they are used.
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traditional/orthodox marxist
Bonger-capitalism "breeds" criminality
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charcteristic of capitalism
greed, selfishness, expliotation, manipulation, no remorse.
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Chambliss
Seattle. strong connection between politicians, the mafia and government oficials as police were told to target the working class.
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Pearce-
working class crime obscures white collar crime - costs the economy £400,000 on petty crime but £40,000,000 on white collar crime.
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White collar crime
Edwin sutherland - crime commited by persons of high social status and repectably in the course of their occupations
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examples of white collar crime committed by persons
doctors, lawyers or accountants.
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Hazel Croall
the seriousness of corporate crime softened through the use of words like "fiddles" "cons" and "rip -offs"
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Who cointed the phrase white collar crime?
Edwin, Sutherland
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Lauren Snider
governments pass laws that threaten the profitability of large companies.
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"CREDIT CRUNCH" 2008
exposed succession of examples of financial mismanagement, fraud.
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in an effort to maximise profit companies bend health amd safety laws
Herald of free enterprise sank outside Zeebrugge drowning 193 people as door was not closed.
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US Gangs
territory is important as they like to control the city. they are identified using bright colours. Like Krips use blue and Bloods use red.
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Growing number of Hispanics
latin american gangs and two main rivals are mexican americans and immigrants from mexico or spain. Nightingale-studied black gangs in an inner-city area shows that gang members want to achieve the american dream of having the latest consumer goods.
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UK studies
David Downes found many working class boys "hung around" together but were not in any sense an organised gang. little evidence of status frustration (cohen) , different types of gang (cloward and ohlin) and focal concerns (miller)
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UK gangs
UK gangs exist like American gangs. Some prelimary research carried ou tby Bennett and Holloway at Glamorgan university. 5,000 arrestees across england and wales 15% had experience in gangs. 20,000 estimated gang members aged 18 or over.
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middle class gangs.
Korem is unusual in that he examines the middle class gang. 7 years in the UK, US and other countries. argues that affluent middle class boys forming groups in increasin numbers. key factor is family problems. gangs become substitute families.
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female gangs
assume that women do not join gans. Thrasher found 1,313 gans in the US in 1920s only 6 female gangs. female gangs "auxillary in nature" women have little roles and only to serve males in a social or sexual sense.
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Laidler and Hunt
141 female gang members in San Fransisco bay "homegirls" committed crimes within the gang conformed to traditional gender roles and ensure that they didnt have sex with too many male gang members in case they were labelled negatively.
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Subcultural marxist :Bourdieu
symbolic violence is violent wielded with tacit complicity between its victims and its instiutions insofar as both remain unconscious of submitting to or weilding it
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What did bourdieu mean
victims are unconscious of bourgeiosie exploitation and subcultural rebellion
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Key concepts of subcultural theory
Adults controlled by economics and dominant ideology, youths are farther away from adult pressures so strong position to resist controlling mechanisms as they have no responsibility
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similarities and differences of functionalist and marxist subcultural theory.
blocked opportunities (similar), collective responses (similar), resistance (difference),
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Cohen
emergence of "mods" and "skinheads" east side of london is a symbolic solution to wider conflict such as employment prospect and decline of traditional working class communities.
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Brake-
resistance is best understood as "magical respone" lightening up the adult values every generation has a different response to resistance but become trapped by economic constraints of rent, mortgages, credit and debits.
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Willis
working class boys "have a laff" in school this leds to their own failure ending up in dead end jobs.
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Corrigan
working class in Sunderland. interested in football hooligans, violence and were designed excitement in a boring world
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The New Criminology aka
fully social theory of deviance
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Taylor and Young "The New criminology"
successfully integrate marxist and interactionist theories of crime
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Talk about what
structure-marxist and processes (labelling theory)
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Fully social action theory of deviance is the robin hood theory?
To distribute wealth from rich to poor.
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crime is a political act out of the working class conscious
"people fight back"
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how did this theory criticise other theories
causes of crime taken into account not social context of crime
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developed the social construction of crime
what acts were seen as deviant?
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applying the model to case study Hall-The mugging crisis
1) wider origins of deviant act- inequalities of capitalism. 2) immediate origins of deviant acts - the social context in which a crime is committed. 3. actual act of mugging 4. immediate origins of social reaction,
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other stages
5. wider origins of deviant reaction-the reaction from the powerful e.g police and government 6. "the outcomes of societal reaction on the deviants further action" the labelling process.
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Card 2

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social construction of deviance

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Downes and Rock-seen as weird open to ambiguity

Card 3

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why are people controlled ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How are we punished

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Societal and situational deviance

Back

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