Crime and Deviance

?
Situational crime prevention and control
Clarke (redducing opportunities and target hardening. Make it harder to commit crimes (e.g. CCTV). Most crimes are opportunistic so mucy reduce opportunities.
1 of 96
Situational crime prevention and control evaluation
Ignore white colloar and corporate crimes, works to some extent but always likely to result in displacement
2 of 96
Displacement
Chaiken et al - crackdown on robberies on subway meant more on the streets above. Different forms (spatial, temporal, target, functional and tactical)
3 of 96
Environmental crime prevention and control
Wilson + Kelling - broken windows - signs of disorder leads to more crime as think police aren't concerned, respectables move out and deviants move in
4 of 96
Solutions for broken windows - zero tolerance policing
Tackle all crime even small to deter, 'clean care programme' - fall of crimes by 50% in 3 years
5 of 96
Solutions for broken windows - environmental improvement
Prevent crimes by repairing without delay
6 of 96
Social and community crime prevention and control
Tackle root cause for prevention, Perry preschool project - disadvantaged black children when to drugs/violence but control group went to university
7 of 96
Crime
Breaking the law
8 of 96
Deviance
Breaking social norms and values
9 of 96
Plummer
Deviance can be divided into societal and situationa;
10 of 96
Societal crime
Most people see the behaviour as deviant
11 of 96
Situational
Depends on the situation as to whether or not it is deviant
12 of 96
Functions of crime (inevitability)
Not everybody is equally socialised and therefore prone to deviate . In modern societies norms and values are diverse
13 of 96
Functions of crime (boundary maintainance)
Reaction to crime unites society and promotes social solidarity
14 of 96
Functions of crime (adapation and change)
Society adapts and changes through deviance (e.g. suffregetes)
15 of 96
Functions of crime (evaluation)
Crime isn't always functional to victims and their family and doesn't always promote social solidarity
16 of 96
Subculture
People within a culture who differentiates from larger culture
17 of 96
Subcultures (Cohen)
Mainly WC who commit crime and deviance
18 of 96
Status
Position in society
19 of 96
Status frustration
Anger due to being unable to change status
20 of 96
Status deprivation
Lack of high status
21 of 96
Subcultures (Cohen and status frustration)
WC boys suffer material + cultural deprivation leading to status deprivation leading to status frustration
22 of 96
Why do WC boys form subcultures?
Placed in lower sets and labelled as failures ad low status, subcultures given them status
23 of 96
Why do sucultures give status
Have their own hierarchy, deviancy gives them higher status and higher in hierarchy
24 of 96
Evaluation of Cohen
Only look at WC boys, 1955 some argue outdated, others argue still relevant today
25 of 96
Cloward and Olin
Deviance is WC youths reaction to economic deprivation, different subcultures have different responses
26 of 96
Cloward and Olin (criminal subculture)
Provides apprenticeship in utilitarian crime, communities with stable criminal culture, adult criminals act as role models higher up hierarchy
27 of 96
Cloward and Olin (conflict subculture)
Common in inner-cities whith territorial street gangs (conflict subcultures) who engage in violence
28 of 96
Cloward and Olin (retreatists subculture)
Double failures, fail in legitimate and illegitimate, drug use and alcohol
29 of 96
Cloward and Olin (evalutaion)
Accounts for difference in deviance, assumes only 2 paths, assumes MC goals
30 of 96
Merton (strain theory)
Socialise people to belive in American Dream (wealth), achieve shared goals (financial success) and achieve by approved means (working hard). There is a gap between goal and means of achieving the goal. May lead to 1/5 behaiours
31 of 96
Conformity
Accept means and take responsibility for failure
32 of 96
Innovation
Choose criminality to achieve their goal
33 of 96
Ritualism
Accept means but lack any ambition e.g. in a low paid job and follow thir daily routine and avoid risk
34 of 96
Retreatism
Reject goal and means, may give up and drop out of society
35 of 96
Rebellion
Violent revolutions and terrorism
36 of 96
Merton (evaluation)
Does not explain responses people do, focuses on utilitarian crimes and assumes MC goals
37 of 96
Becker
'Deviance is behaviour that people so label' - only deviant if labelled as deviant
38 of 96
Becker (master status)
Overrides other status leading to rejection leading to more deviance
39 of 96
Becker (evaluation)
Ignores crime victims and makes offender the victim
40 of 96
Goffman
Total institutions - completely controlled. Mortifying experience - lack of freedom which reinforces lavel. Institutionalisation - can't function outside
41 of 96
Marxism and class (Chamblis)
Property laws, made by RC to benefit RC
42 of 96
Maxism and class (Graham)
Companies sell harmful drugs but people on the streets can't
43 of 96
Maxism and class Pearce
Ideological function - health and safety looks to protect WC but help to keep them working and therefore benefit RC
44 of 96
Marxism and class (criminogenic capitalism)
Capitalism creates crime in 3 ways. 1. media says want it leading to theft. 2. Poverty leading to crime for suvival. 3. Alienation - lack of control over lives leading to fustration
45 of 96
Neomarxism (Taylor et al)
6 parts to understand crime and deviance 1. wider origins (unequal wealth) 2. Immediate origins (where happened) 3. Act itself (why happened) 4. Social reaction (immediate) 5. Social reaction (wider) 6. Labelling effects (how affects their future).
46 of 96
Media view of crime (Over-representation of sexual and violent crimes)
Ditton and Duffy - 46% of media reports were sexual/violent which is only 3% of all crime
47 of 96
Media view of crime (exaggeration of police success)
Media is big in crime stories and positive image of police
48 of 96
Media view of crime (exaggeration of victimisation)
Especially women/ high status individuals
49 of 96
How the media can cause crime
Imitation (role model/copycat behaviour), create desire for unaffordable goods through ads, desensitisation through the repetition of crime
50 of 96
How media increases fear of crime (exaggeration in violent crimes)
Shlesinger and Tumbler found correlation in consumption and fear of crime
51 of 96
How media increases fear of crime (Moral panics)
Media present group as folk devil/threat leading to a negative stereotype and exaggeration in problem, leading to respectable people e.g. police condemning the group and their behaviour
52 of 96
Ethnicity statistics
Black people in population = 3% black people in prison population = 13%
53 of 96
Criminalisation
Individuals seen as criminals due to CJS. If laws and decision making changed acts wouldn't be criminal
54 of 96
Ethnicity and the CJS
BME up to 7X more likely to be stopped and searched, nearly 4X more likely to be arrested. More likely to have cases dropped against them which may be due to weak evidence based on stereotypes.
55 of 96
Ethnicity (Hood)
Black men are 5% more likely to get longer sentences than White/Asian
56 of 96
Ethnicity Left Realists (Lea and Young)
Young black males are more likely to be in poverty which leads to them committing crime. EM less likely to be represented in police/politics which leads to them joining delinquent subcultures leading to utilitarian crimes
57 of 96
Lea and Young evaluation
Ignore MC and UC, unlikely that the statistics can be down to discrimination
58 of 96
Victimisation (Clancy et al)
BME tend to live in higher unemployement rates Physical defence from racist cultures/neighbourhoods, not helped with the lack of faith in police (Stephen Lwrence case argued institutional racism) but does seem to be improving
59 of 96
Gender crime statistics
80% offenders = males
60 of 96
Gender (Heidensohn)
More females convicted for property (excluding burglary) More males are convicted for sexual/violent crimes, males are more likely to be reoffenders or commit more serious crimes. Under 18 = 24% of arrests were women and 19% over 18s
61 of 96
Gender (Chivalry Thesis)
Men are socialised to be leniant, thus less likely for women to be in OCS
62 of 96
Gender (Pollack)
Men are protective thereofre women less likely to be in OCS. 1,721 14-25 years olds found men to be 2X more likely to admit crime but ONS men 4X more likely
63 of 96
Gender (Buckle and Farrington)
Observations of shoplifting - 2X more males even though statistics almost equal, suggests more liekly for women to be prosecuted
64 of 96
Gender bias against women (double standards)
Punish girls for premature promiscous activity
65 of 96
Gender bias against women (Walklate)
In **** cases women treated as if on trial, must prove respectability for evidence to be accepted
66 of 96
Gender (Parsons)
Instrumental - more crime opportunities, expressive - less crime opportunities. Men have smaller socialisaion role and therefore can be no rolemodel and may reject female rolemodel and turn to 'compensatory compulsory masculinity'
67 of 96
Gender (Cohen)
Lack of male role model which leads to street gangs
68 of 96
Gender (Dobash and Dobash)
Domestic violence occurs if fail as a wife, male financial power restricts women leaving the home
69 of 96
Gender patterns (Heidensohn)
Women conform to patriachal society control
70 of 96
Surveillance
Monitoring public behaviour
71 of 96
Surveillance (Foucault)
Sovereign power (visabile punishment e.g. branding) and disciplinary power (surveillance affects mind and body)
72 of 96
Panopticon
Guards could see all prisoners but couldn't be seen and didn't know when being watched, always acted as if being watched
73 of 96
Foucault evaluation
No evidence but assumes expressivve punishments are disappearing. Goffman found many inmates resisted control, displacement meant mant crimes still occurred
74 of 96
Past punishments
More brutal e.g. hanging
75 of 96
Reduction
The prevention of further crime through deterrance, rehabilitation and transcarnation
76 of 96
Deterrance
Punishments deters not to (re)offend
77 of 96
Rehabilitation
Change and prevent reoffending by education and anger management
78 of 96
Transcarnation
Always in carceral angencies from care to youth offenders to prison
79 of 96
Domestic law
Breaking law for own gain within state
80 of 96
Zemiology
Cause harm without breaking the law (Hillyard)
81 of 96
Labelling and societal reaction
Socially constructed/can vary
82 of 96
Culture of denial
1. 'It didn't happen' 2. 'If it did happen, 'it' is something else' 3. 'Even if it is what you say, it is justified'.
83 of 96
Globalisation
The world becoming interconnected
84 of 96
Globalisation (Held et al)
Increasing interconnectedness of crime, globalisation of ligitimate and illeitimate activities. Globalisation opens new opportunities, new means of committing crime and new offences e.g. cyber
85 of 96
Globalisation (Castells)
Crime economy globally is £1 trillion each year. E.g. green crime, cyber crime and drug trade Demand (west) supply (poor e.g. Columbia as requires little technology, 20% relay on cocaine as livelihood
86 of 96
Global risk consciousness
Risk seen as global (if something happens in one place there is anxiety across the world) However, exaggerated by the media. This has led to the intensification of social control e.g. UK border control
87 of 96
Globalisation, capitalism and crime (Taylor)
Creates opportunities for RC. Cheap workers often illegal/under min wage However, doesn't explain how leads to criminal behaviour
88 of 96
Glocal system (Hobbs and Dunningham)
Crime works as a 'glacal' system - local based with global connections. Form takes varies from place to place. Argue shift from old rigidly hierarchal gangs to loose netwroks of flexibity. However, not clear patterns are new and the old disappearing
89 of 96
Green crime and globalisation
Planet = ecosystm and humans, species and enviroment interconnected. Harm has an impact on everywhere e.g. global warming
90 of 96
Green crime (White)
Crime should be harm to physical environment and anything in it
91 of 96
Green crime (Beck)
Now provide resources for all but threatens ecosystems as demand for onsumer goods affected the environment
92 of 96
Primary green crime
Crimes resulting from destruction of Earth's resources e.g. deforestation and air pollution
93 of 96
Secondary green crime
Crime growing out of rules that regulate environmental disasters e.g. government breaking own regulations to cause environmental harm e.g. hazardous waste
94 of 96
Eco-centric
Damage environment means a damage to all species and human future
95 of 96
Human Centred
Humans have the right to exploit the environment and other species fo tehir own benefit
96 of 96

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Ignore white colloar and corporate crimes, works to some extent but always likely to result in displacement

Back

Situational crime prevention and control evaluation

Card 3

Front

Chaiken et al - crackdown on robberies on subway meant more on the streets above. Different forms (spatial, temporal, target, functional and tactical)

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Wilson + Kelling - broken windows - signs of disorder leads to more crime as think police aren't concerned, respectables move out and deviants move in

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Tackle all crime even small to deter, 'clean care programme' - fall of crimes by 50% in 3 years

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Sociology resources:

See all Sociology resources »See all Crime and deviance resources »