Creole Question Academic Arguments
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- Created by: Jess
- Created on: 14-05-17 10:39
Define variety
A specific form of a language.
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No linguistic relationship is pure.
Hall (1958)
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Who divides French Creole speaking colonies into two groups - New World Group and Isle de France Group.
Holm (1989)
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Describe the New World Creoles
Based mainly in the Caribbean area but also off South America (French Guiana) and Louisiana. Settled from 17th century.
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Describe Isle de France Creoles
Isle de France Creoles are found in the Indian Ocean and were settled in 18th century.
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What is considered to be the lexifier of French Creoles?
17th century French Koine
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What is agglutination?
Agglutination is an etymological feature of numerous Creoles, in which a noun phrase in the lexifier language is agglutinated with the noun, Mauritian Creole example: 'lera' (le rat).
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What percentage of Seychelles Creole vocabulary can be traced back to dialectal, non-SF varieties of 17th and 18th century French?
98%
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Little evidence of native slave languages in French Creoles, as within colony situation the importance of slaves' origins were eroded; slaves were forbidden to speak their native languages.
Chaudenson (1995)
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Describe Chaudenson's (1995) two phases of French colonisation based on language acquisition in the New World situation.
Homestead society of original settlers - slaves learnt target language (French) from direct + constant contact with their masters. Plantation society developed -influx of new slaves at sociolinguistic periphery, learnt approximant from older slaves.
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When did the importation of slaves to the Caribbean dramatically increase and why?
1650s due to the increasingly successful cultivation of sugar.
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Pidgin spoken to Caribs may have influenced the initial pidgin that African slaves picked up.
Holm (1989)
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When were planters in the West Indies legally obliged to import their slaves by way of Martinique, and what effect did this have on Creoles?
1664 - 1763, Creole from Guadeloupe and Martinique was carried to Haiti and the Windward Islands.
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When did French colonists start settling on the Seychelles?
1756 French settlement of the Seychelles, previously uninhabited (gives specific time frame for the establishment of Seychelles Creole).
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According to Holm (1989) what was the effect of 1882 compulsory education?
Compulsory education of 1882 elevated the position of SF as a symbol of cultural enlightenment and material advancement, increasing the stigma of the Creole and its association with slavery.
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According to Holm (1989) why do Martinique and Guadeloupe hold SF in higher esteem than other French Creole speaking countries?
Due to existing political ties, that other French Creole speaking countries such as Haiti.
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When was Seychelles Creole introduced as language of instruction in primary schools?
1982 Seychelles Creole introduced as language of instruction in primary schools.
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When did codification efforts of Seselwa begin?
Since Seychelles independence in 1976.
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What is the sociolinguistic position of French Creoles?
French Creoles mainly exist in a diglossic situation, due to their colonial past English and/or French are often used for the High Functions. (Though majority of the population may not be able to speak these languages e.g. Haiti).
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Define Monogenesis Theory.
Popularised by Taylor (1961) argues that all Creole languages can be traced back to one linguistic form, Portuguese (widely debated).
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Define Universalist Theory.
Chomsky (1965) proposed that children were born with a predisposition to recognise universal properties of language that facilitated their acquisition of the language of their particular speech community.
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Continuum Theory.
The Continuum Theory suggests that the 'lingua franca' (eventual Creole) is formed where two languages co-exist and there is social motivation for speakers to take on the dominant language.
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What is the Substrate Theory?
The Substrate Theory attributes similarities amongst Creoles to the similarities of African substrate languages.
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Who criticises the Substrate Theory and why?
Bickerton (1981) disputes the Substrate Theory due to the linguistic diversity of the native slave languages.
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Who argues that Haitian Creole is a Benin language (West Africa) that uses French lexis?
Lefebvre (1976)
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What is Taylor's (1956) argument?
Languages that originate from pidgins or jargon are genetically 'orphans' with two 'foster parents': one that provides basic morphological and syntactic pattern, and one another where the fundamental vocabulary is taken.
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Who argues that Creoles come from old popular forms of European languages that have become autonomous languages, yet retain an incontestable genetic relationship?
Chaudenson (1992)
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How does Holm (1989) describe French speakers accommodating their speech for slaves?
French speakers accommodated themselves to Africans' way of speaking, using infinitives and indicating time with adverbs instead of verbal inflections.
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What example is given by Pelleprat in 1655?
"roy negre luy patron a nous"
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According to Todd (1990) why is it difficult to identify where Creole grammatical structures truly originate from?
Because pidgins and creoles shed linguistic tendencies such as syntactical complexity.
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Important affinities are found among the French based Creoles on all linguistic levels, including phonology, lexicon and syntax.
Valdman (1978)
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
No linguistic relationship is pure.
Back
Hall (1958)
Card 3
Front
Who divides French Creole speaking colonies into two groups - New World Group and Isle de France Group.
Back
Card 4
Front
Describe the New World Creoles
Back
Card 5
Front
Describe Isle de France Creoles
Back
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