Core Biology Key Words
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- Created by: Katie
- Created on: 07-05-13 21:54
Multicellular
made up of many cells
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Unicellular
made of a single cell
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Heterotrophic
internally eating and digesting other organisms
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Autotrophic
making their own food using photosynthesis
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Saprophytic
externally digesting other organisms
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Vertebrates
animals that have a backbone
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Invertebrates
animals that do not have a backbone
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External fertilisation
female releases eggs into water which are fertilised by sperm released by male
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Internal fertilisation
female eggs inside the body which are fertilised by sperm released by male
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Oviparous
lay eggs
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Viviparous
give birth to live young
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Homeotherms
maintain a constant body temperature, often warmer than their surroundings, by releasing heat from reactions in their body
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Poikilotherms
body temperature varies with the temperature of their surroundings
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Species
a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
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Hybrids
when 2 closely related species have produced offspring that's neither one nor the other species (often infertile)
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Ring Species
chain of different populations that can breed with neighbouring populations but the two at either end of the chain cannot interbreed
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Binomial system
scientific name for an organism using the Latin word for its genus and species
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Variation
differences in characteristics
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Continuous variation
any number within a certain range
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Discontinuous variation
fixed set of values
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Biodiversity
measure of the total number of species in an area
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Biodiversity hotspots
an area in the world of great biodiversity
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Adaptation
variation in characteristics that allow organisms to survive in their habitat
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Normal distribution curve
shows the average of continuous variation
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Acquired characteristic
caused by the environment
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Natural selection
survival of the fittest
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Evolution
range of variation gradually changing over generations
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Extinct
when the environment changes too rapidly for organisms to adapt to new conditions and die out
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Speciation
when a species evolves in a different way depending on their environment developing so much variation that they cannot interbreed
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Inherited variation
variation caused by genes
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DNA
substance found in long stands inside the nucleus of a cell
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Chromosome
structure made of DNA and protein carrying large number of genes
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Genes
contained in chromosomes
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Alleles
different forms of the same gene
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Gametes
sex cells
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Dominant allele
if dominant is present, recessive has no effect
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Recessive allele
only seen when both alleles are recessive
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Genotype
the alleles in an organism
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Phenotype
what the organism looks like
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Homozygous
both alleles for a gene are the same
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Heterozygous
alleles are different
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Punnett square
diagram where possible genotypes are shown
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Genetic disorder
a disease caused by faulty alleles
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Sickle cell disease
disease where red blood cells are sickle shaped
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Cystic fibrosis
mutation in the gene that creates sweat, mucus and digestive juices
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Internal environment
the conditions inside the body
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Homeostasis
keeping the internal environment stable
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Osmoregulation
the control of water in the body
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Thermoregulation
the control of body temperature
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Blood glucose regulation
the control of glucose in the blood
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Vasoconstriction
narrows blood vessels closer to the surface
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Vasodilation
widening blood vessels
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Gland
a part of the body that makes substances and releases them
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Hypothalamus
part of the brain that constantly monitors temperature
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Dermis
thick layer of tissue that makes up the skin
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Erector muscles
muscles in the dermis that contract causing body hairs to stand up
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Stimulus
anything the body is sensitive to / changes detected in surroundings
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Sense organs
parts of the body that detect internal and external changes
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Receptor cells
the part of the sense organ that detects the stimulus
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Electrical impulses
electrical signals created by receptor cells that travel to and from the brain
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Neurotransmitter
transmission of impulses
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Neurones
carry nerve impulses and have a cell body and long extensions
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Dendron
to receive impulses from receptor cells and neurones
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Axon
where impulses pass along between the dendron and other neurones
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Nerves
neurones packed together
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Spinal chord
organ made of many nerves packed together that connects to the brain
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Central nervous system
the brain and spinal chord together that controls your body
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Diabetes
a disease whereby blood glucose levels aren't controlled
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Insulin
a hormone used to control blood glucose levels
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Subcutaneous fat layer
the fat layer just beneath the skin that easily absorbs insulin
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Body Mass Index
an estimate of how healthy your mass is for your heigh
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Hormones
chemical messengers that travel in the blood
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Endocrine glands
produce and release hormones
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Target organ
an organ that responds to a certain hormone
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Glucose
the form of sugar that is carried in the blood
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Glycogen
a store of glucose in the liver converted by insulin
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Glucagon
a hormone released to turn glycogen back into glucose
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Tropism
responding to a stimulus by growing towards of away from it
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Positive tropism
growing towards a stimulus e.g. plant shoots
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Negative tropism
growing away from a stimulus e.g. plan roots
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Phototropism
a tropisim caused by light
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Geotropism
a tropism towards the direction of gravity (positive gravitropism)
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Photosythesis
positively phototrophic, to get light, to make food
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Auxins
cause positive phototropism and positive gravitropism
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Gibberellins
cause starch in a seed to be converted into sugars for growth energy after germination
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Germination
when roots and a shoot start to grow
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Rooting powders
used to dip plant cuttings into to increase root development
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Drug
any chemical substance that changes behaviour or the way our body works
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Recreational drugs
drugs used to make you feel a certain way
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Medicines
drugs used to help limit damage caused by diseases of injuries
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Addictive drugs
drugs that make people become dependent on the drug to function properly
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Narcotics
drugs that make you feel sleepy
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Painkillers
drugs that block some of the nerve impules that are sent via neurones to the brain
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Hallucinogens
drugs that change how the brain words and respond to our senses
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Depressants
drugs that helps us to relax by slowing down the activity of neurones in the brain
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Stimulants
drugs that speed up reaction times by increasing the speed of neurotransmission across synapses
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Carcinogens
chemcial substances found in the sticky tar in smoke
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Nicotine
a highly addictive drug in tobacco smoke
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Transplant
when a healthy organ is taken from a donor to replace a patient's organ that no longer functions properly
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Pathogens
microorganisms that cause infectious diseases
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Vectors
animals that pass pathogens from one person to another
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Physical barriers
stops pathogens getting into the body
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Chemical barriers
help to kill pathogens before they can harm us
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Antiseptics
chemical substances that kill microorganisms prevent infections externally
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Antibiotics
chemical substances that kill or prevent bacteria and some fungi growth
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Antibacterials
antibiotics that only affect bacteria
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Antifungals
antibiotics that only affect fungi
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Resistant bacteria
bacteria that will take much longer to kill because they are less affected by antibiotics
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Bacterial resistance
when an infection becomes untreatable because all the bacteria are resistant due to antibiotic misuse
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Producers
organismas that make their own food
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Primary Consumers
organisms that eat plants
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Secondary consumers
organisms that eat primary consumers
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Food chains
show what organisms eat
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Food webs
show the feeding relationships between the organisms
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Trophic level
organisms that feed on the same level in a food chain
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Interdependent
organisms that depend on each other for food
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Dynamic relationship
constantly changing relationships among organisms
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Biomass
substances that form tissues that energy is transferred into as an organism grows
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Pyramid biomass
diagram showing the quantitative measure of biomass that is in that level
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Parasitism
feeding relationship where one organism feeds off the other
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Parasite
an organism that feeds off another
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Host
organism that parasite feeds off
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Mutualism
feeding relationship where two organisms live benefiting each other
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Chemosynthetic bacteria
producers that get their energy from chemical substances
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Fertiliser
substance containing nitrates and phosphates that’s added to soil to help crops grow
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Indicator species
organisms that are sensitive to polluting chemicals showing the presence of pollution
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Lichens
mutualistic relationship where algae live in fungus
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Eutrophication
the process of increasing the natural concentration of nitrates and phosphates in the water from fertilisers
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
made of a single cell
Back
Unicellular
Card 3
Front
internally eating and digesting other organisms
Back
Card 4
Front
making their own food using photosynthesis
Back
Card 5
Front
externally digesting other organisms
Back
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