Control, Punishment and Victims

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What is Ron Clarke's description of Situational Crime Prevention?
A pre-emptive approach that relies on reducing the opportunities for crime
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What is rational choice theory?
Criminals act rationally, weighing up the costs and benefits of a crime opportunity before deciding whether to commit it
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Give two examples of target hardening
Locking doors and windows increases the effort a burglar has to make and surveilliance increases the liklihood of getting caught
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Give two critcisms of situational crime prevention
It doesn't solve crime but displaces it. It ignores the root causes of crime
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What are the two approaches to Environmental crime prevention
Broken Windows theory and zero tolerance
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What is Wilson and Kelling's broken windows theory?
Broken windows theory sends the signal that nobody cares and the community feels intimidated and powerless
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What is zero tolerance policing (give an example)?
Introducing harsher penelties and short, sharp, shock punishments. For example, tougher penelties on drinking in public places in New York in the 1990s
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What is social and community crime prevention?
The emphasis is placed on the potential offender and aims to deter individuals from committing crime
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Give an example of social and community crime prevention
Poverty is a cause of crime so general social policies may have a crime prevention role
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What was the Perry pre-school project?
A group of 3-4 y/o were offered a two year programme where vulnerable children recieved additional support. By age 40, those who had participated had signifacntly fewer lifetime arrests. For every $1 spent on the programme, $17 was saved on welfare
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What are Foucault's two approaches to punishment?
Sovereign power: Monach had absolute power and control was asserted through physical harm. Disciplinary power: Govern the mind and soul through survelliance
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What is the Panopticon?
Pirsoners constantly behave because they don't know if they are being watched due to the central watch tower. Essentially, surveillance turns to self-surveillance and discipline becomes self-discipline
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Give two criticisims of Foucault
CCTV had little effect on reducing crime and may even cause displacement. He wrongly assumes the expressive aspects of society disappear in modern society
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What does Mathiesen argue?
In the synoptican, everybody watches everybody as the media new media allows the many to monitor the few
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Give an example of synopticon surveillance
Dashboard cameras
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What is Feeley and Simon's actuarial justice and risk management?
Actuarial analysis predicts the likelihood of people offending. Individuals can be profiled using risk factors, giving each individual a risk score. Profiling leads to police targeting particular groups who are thus more likely to be convicted
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Give two criticisms of actuarial justice and risk management
The police may negatively label and over-police high risk groups, which can lead to the self-fulfilling prophecy. CCTV operators make disccriminatory judgements based on personal stereotypes
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What are the 4 justifications of punishment?
Deterrance: Prevent future crime. Rehabilitation: Reforming offenders. Incapacitation: Removing the capability to offend. Retribution: Society's revenge
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What does Durkheim argue are the two justifications of punishments?
Retributive: Society's revenge to repress the wrongdoer through severe and vengeful means (expressive). Restitutive: Repair the damage caused by the crime to restore society's equilibrium (instrumental)
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What is the Marxist view of punishment?
Punishment is part of the repressive state apparatus and the form of punishment reflects the economic base os society
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Why is imprisonment the dominant form of punishment under capitalism?
In the Capitalist economy, time is money and offenders must 'pay' by 'doing time'
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How has the role of prisons changed?
Prisons were for holding criminals until trial but are now a form of punishment themselves
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What does Garland suggest?
The USA is moving towards an era of mass incarceration where 3% of the adult opulation now have some form of judical restriction
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What is transcarceration?
Many people experience differnt prison-like institutions throughout their life. There has been a blurring of boundaries between criminal justices and welfare agencies
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What is the new alternative to prison?
Community based control such as curfews and tagging
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What is positivist victimology?
This identifies the characteristics that contribute to vicimisation by looking at victim proneness and victim precipitation
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Give two criticisms of positivist victimology?
It ignores the wider structural factors and situations where victims are unaware of their victimisation
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What is critical vicimology?
Structural factors palce powerless groups at greater risk of victimisation. The label of victim is a social construct because the state has the power to apply it to some but not others
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Give two criticisms of criminal victimology
It disregards the role victims play in bringing victimisation on themselves through personal choice. It is valuable in drawing attention to the way the victim status is constructed by power
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Give three patterns of victimisation
The poor are more likely to be victims. The young are more vulnerable to abuse and theft. Women are at greater risk of sexual abuse and men of violent attacks
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What is the impact of victimsation?
Crime may create 'indirect' victims e.g. relatives. Hate crimes against minorities create waves of harm that intimidate whole communities. There is a growing fear of victimisation
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is rational choice theory?

Back

Criminals act rationally, weighing up the costs and benefits of a crime opportunity before deciding whether to commit it

Card 3

Front

Give two examples of target hardening

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Give two critcisms of situational crime prevention

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the two approaches to Environmental crime prevention

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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