Control of breathing

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  • Created by: SamDavies
  • Created on: 01-05-19 22:46
These detect changes in blood gases and/or pH and assist in ensuring alveolar ventilation is appropriate for the metabolism. They can be located centrally (in the brain) or peripherally (in the peripheral arteries)
Chemoreceptors
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The type of chemoreceptor which detects hypoxia, hypercapnia and low pH
Peripheral
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The type of chemoreceptor which detects just hypercapnia
Central
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A type of peripheral chemoreceptor where clusters are found at the bifurcations of the carotid artery
Carotid bodies
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A type of peripheral chemoreceptor where clusters are found in the aortic arch
Aortic bodies
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The blood supply to the carotid bodies
External carotid artery
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One type of cell which makes up the carotid bodies which detect changes in PO2
Glomus
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One type of cell which makes up the carotid bodies and has a supportive role
Type two
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At normal levels of O2, these channels are open in glomus cells of the carotid bodies
Potassium
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At normal levels of O2, these channels are closed in glomus cells of the carotid bodies
Calcium
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The nerve which signals to the CNS to increase breathing rate when a drop in O2, causes K+ channels of glomus cells to shut and the cell depolarises causing Ca2+ channels to open and influx, initiating NT release and stimulation of nerve terminals
Glossopharyngeal
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The type of peripheral chemoreceptor which responds to changes in lactic acid and ketone bodies as well as CO2
Carotid bodies
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The type of peripheral chemoreceptor which responds to O2 content as well as PaO2
Aortic bodies
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The nerve which innervates the aortic bodies
Vagus
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A type of hypoxia where there is low PaO2
Hypoxic
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A type of hypoxia where there is low O2 content but normal PaO2, so oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is lower
Anaemic
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A type of hypoxia where there is insufficient blood flow to cells
Ischaemic
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A type of hypoxia where cells are unable to utilise O2, e.g. cyanide, vitB deficiency
Histotoxic
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The level of PaO2 below which alveolar ventilation increases rapidly
Eight kpa
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The region where central chemoreceptors are found
Ventrolateral medulla
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The ions which stimulate the central chemoreceptors which are produced when CO2 from the blood diffuses across the BBB into the CSF and combines with H2O via carbonic anhydrase
Hydrogen
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The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are used in which process?
Inspiration
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The elastic recoil of the diaphragm, internal intercostals and obliques are involved in which process?
Expiration
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The source of the generation of basic breathing rhythm
Medulla
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This helps with the timing, smoothing and modulation of breathing rhythm
Pons
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The medullary respiratory centre which is involved in the control of inspiration alone
DRG
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The medullary respiratory group which is involved in the control of both inspiration and expiration
VRG
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The neurones which are active in quiet breathing to drive inspiration by contracting the diaphragm
DRG
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The process where all neurones in the DRG and VRG are inactive and it is entirely driven by the elastic recoil of the lungs
Passive expiration
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The neurones which are active during active inspiration caused by the stimulation of the NTS when the demand for ventilation increases. They result in the contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals
DRG and VRG inspiratory
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The complex which is stimulated by the NTS when active expiration is required. It inhibits the inspiratory neurones in the DRG and VRG and stimulates the expiratory neurones in the VRG.
Botzinger
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The activity of these neurons are suppressed when voluntarily holding breath or speaking. It bypasses the brainstem
Inspiratory DRG
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The type of chemoreceptor which detects hypoxia, hypercapnia and low pH

Back

Peripheral

Card 3

Front

The type of chemoreceptor which detects just hypercapnia

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

A type of peripheral chemoreceptor where clusters are found at the bifurcations of the carotid artery

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

A type of peripheral chemoreceptor where clusters are found in the aortic arch

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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