Consolidation: forging the nation KEY TERMS/CONCEPTS

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Reconstruction
Rebuilding of America after Civil War. All Southern states re-admitted to union by 1870.
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Amendment
A change to the US Constitution
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13th Amendment
Banned slavery in the US
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14th Amendment
US Citizenship for all born/naturalised in US
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15th Amendment
Vote cannot be denied because of race
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Congress
Law-making body of the US (composed of the Senate and House of Representatives)
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Black Codes
7 Southern states passed laws - freed slaves banned from interracial marriage or testifying against whites in court.
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Civil Rights Act
Passed 1866 by Congress to protect rights of ex-slaves. Vetoed by President Johnson, overruled by Congress.
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Impeachment
President removed from office if found guilty of treason etc by 2/3 majority vote. Johnson found not-guilty (1 vote short)
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Baptist Church
Independent black church. Over one million southern black Baptists were members by 1890. Funded schools and teachers.
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Carpetbaggers
Former union soldiers/professionals - caricatured by south as northern opportunities who came south for money/power (few possessions - fit in carpet bag)
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Scallywags
Mostly poor white southern farmers who did not support slavery. Accused of being opportunists. Held most political offices
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Caricatured
Depiction of person where features are exaggerated in humorous or critical way.
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Ku Klux Klan
White American group using violence against Black Americans. Founded 1866.
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Sharecropping
Ex-slaves given land, housing, tools + seed, and supplies on credit from merchant. Got too small share of crop to pay off debt. Inefficient system - in continual debt.
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Exodusters
Ex-slaves migrated to Kansas for freedom from racism and poverty of the South. Became farmers/ranchers/cowboys.
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End of ACW
Many demobilised army soldiers and ex-slaves decided to be homesteaders.
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Transcont-inental Railway
Two companies built train tracks met in Utah. Allowed cheap, easy travel of people/machinery + sold cheap land
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Pull and Push factors
Pull: good things in West e.g. free land, wealth. Push: bad things in East
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Sod-house
Blocks of earth (sod) used to build homes for homesteaders (little wood)
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Dry Farming
Farmers ploughed land after heavy rain (layer of dust preserved moisture)
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Barbed Wire
Cheap and effective metal wire for border + fence animals/protect crops
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Windmill
Self-governing - pumped water day and night for crops/people to use
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Buffalo chips
Used as fuel for heating/cooking
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Sod-buster
Invented by John Deere. Strong plough dealt with tough grass routes.
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Surplus
More crops grown than needed
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Turkey-red wheat
Hard winter wheat from Russia (similar climate) - crop grew well
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Battle of the Little Bighorn
Custer disobeyed orders to wait for three-pronged attack. Outnumbered + killed at his 'Last Stand' by Indians
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Gatling Gun
Early type of machine gun, revolving barrels. Custer declined use of B of LB
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Total War
Waging war against whole population (destroy Indian food supply/culture)
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Fort
Defensive building to protect/watch
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Hide
Skin of buffalo - 1871 discovered leather could be made from them.
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Dawes Act
Broke reservation land into plots, to destroy power of chiefs. Indians 'Americanised' - farmers, Christian, children sent to boarding schools
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Battle of Wounded Knee
7th Cavalry killed Big Foot and his band of Indians. Bodies froze in the snow.
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Reservations
Land set aside by the US government for the Indian Nations to live on
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Closing of frontier
1890: no longer frontier line in the West or large areas of unsettled land.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A change to the US Constitution

Back

Amendment

Card 3

Front

Banned slavery in the US

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

US Citizenship for all born/naturalised in US

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Vote cannot be denied because of race

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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