We can't assume that the signaller sends a message or a receiver receives a measure: There are different types of signals
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Long term reason why animals communicate?
To survive and reproduce
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Short term reasons why animals communicate?
Alarms, food, mate attractiono
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What is the honeybee dance?
Food sources
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When do they perform this dance?
If they are successful in looking for pollen
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What does the excitment of the dance show?
How good the food source is
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What if the food source is more than 100 m away?
Figure of eight
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What is distance indicated by?
Speed of dance (rate of Waggling)
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What is bearing indicated by?
The angle of the Waggle Dance
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Michelsen et al 1992
Mechanical bee. Bees use distance and direction info (The other bees used the mechanical bees dance to find the food source
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Riley et al (2005)
Used transponders to measure flight paths (information is being used by the bees)
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struhsaker (1967)
Observations in amboseli National Park
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What was found?
21 distinct meassages: 3 different predators: Leopards, eagles, snakes
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What did Cheney and Seyfarth do?
Played alarm calls when no predator was around: Monkeys still responded, playing the alarm calls, the monkeys responded in the way to avoid the predator
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What happened?
Played 'other group of monkeys' wrr call, first time monkeys look, after more calls monkey stopped looking, played other group of monkeys chutter, monkeys looked
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Meerkats
They have different alarm calls depending on the type of predator (Aerial, terrestrial, recruitmant), calls also include information about level of urgency (high urgency call, which would be longer lasting and a higher call
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Schotz and Van de Weijer (2014)
- Human’s ability to classify meows (food related and vet related) - Accuracy was above chance (65%), humans who reported experience with cats (70%) were better than inexperienced humans (54%)
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What can cats use?
Different intonation patterns
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What is the first definition of language?
Arbitrariness of units - e.g., words usually randomly represent an event
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What is semanticity?
There is a meaning
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What is displacement?
Communication about events distant in time or space
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What is productivity?
Structured according to rules but can be used flexibly
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Gardner and Gardner
Shaping and instrumental conditioning, 132 signs after 5 years, combine signs? Water bird
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Terrace, Pettito, Sanders and Bever (1979)
Nim Chimpsky
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What happened by the end of the project?
Nim could: - Produce 125 signs - Produce linear combinations (“utterances”) - 1.1 – 1.6 words combined - A two-year old learns about 10 words every day
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Yerkish
Lana tried to use a keyboard. Symbols have symbolic value are arbitory
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Piley and Reid
Chaser the dog, trained on >1000 objects 4-5 hours per day for 3 years
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What is a proper noun?
Learned 1022 name object pairs (8/8 for each object, monthly tests with 20 items (X5)
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Nouns and ommands?
Responded to commands (take, paw, nose) and object
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Common nouns (toy, ball, frisbee)
Correct for all categories (8/16)
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New objects
Could pick out a new object
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Hermann, Richards and wolz
Akeakamai (dolphin trained to understand gestures)
- e.g., HOOP FETCH PIPE (go to hoop & take it to the pipe), PIPE FETCH HOOP (go to the pipe and take it to the hoop). 52.4% correct (0 reversal errors)
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Hauser, Chomsky and Fitch
In the broad sense - Cognitive, perception, motor abilities that contribute to language but are not unique to humans.
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In the narrow sense
- Ability unique to humans – recursion (later: FLN is no particular skill but humans unique ability is to adapt these for communication)
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