Passing a pathogen from an infected individual to an uninfected individual
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Vector
An organism that carries a pathogen from one host to another
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Direct transmission
Passing a pathogen from host to host with no intermediary
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Indirect transmission
Passing a pathogen from host to host via a vector
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Callose
A large polysaccharide depot that blocks old phloem sieve tubes
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Inflammation
Swelling and redness of tissue caused by infection
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Mucous membrane
Specialised epithelial tissue that is covered by mucus
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Primary defences
Those that prevent pathogens entering the body
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Antigen-presenting cell
A cell that isolates the antigen from a pathogen and places it on plasma membrane so that it can be recognised by other cells in the immune system
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Clonal selection
Selection of a specific B or T cell that is specific to the antigen
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Cytokines
Hormone-like molecules used in cell signalling to stimulate the immune response
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Neutrophil
A type of white blood cell the engulfs foreign matter and traps it in a large vacuole (phagosome), which fuses with lysosomes to digest the foreign matter
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Opsonins
Proteins that bind to the antigen on the pathogen and then allow phagocytes to bind
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Agglutinins
Antibodies that cause pathogens to stick together
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Anti-toxins
Antibodies that render toxins harmless
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Opsonins
Antibodies that make it easier for phagocytes to engulf the pathogen
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Primary immune responce
The initial response caused by a first infection
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Secondary immune response
A more rapid and vigorous response caused by a second or subsequent infection by the same pathogen
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Active immunity
Where the immune system is activated and manufactures its own antibodies
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Artificial immunity
Immunity that is achieved as a result
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Epidemic
A rapid spread of disease through a high proportion of the population
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Natural immunity
Immunity achieved through normal life processes
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Passive immunity
Immunity achieved when antibodies are passed to an individual through breastfeeding or injections
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Vaccination
A way of stimulating an immune response so that immunity is achieved
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Antibodies
Specific proteins released by plasma cells that can attach to pathogenic antigens
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B memory cells
Cells that remain in the blood for a long time, providing long-term immunity
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Clonal expansion
An increase in the number of cells by mitotic cell division
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Interleukins
Signalling molecules that are used to communicate between different white blood cells
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Plasma cells
Derived by the B lymphocytes, these are cells that manufacture antibodies
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Passing a pathogen from an infected individual to an uninfected individual
Back
Transmission
Card 3
Front
An organism that carries a pathogen from one host to another
Back
Card 4
Front
Passing a pathogen from host to host with no intermediary
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