Reduction in blood flow to the lungs causing it to be life threatening.
Can also result in acute right ventricular failure
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What are the symptoms of PE?
Chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, cough, tachycardia, excessive sweating
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What are some risk factors of PE?
Family history of PE or DVT, smoking, birth control, heart disease, pregnancy
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How might PE change an ECG?
SIQIIITIII 20%, RBBB 18%, RAD 16%
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What are the treatments for PE?
Anticoagulants, compression stockings, leg elevation, physical activity
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What is left ventricular failure?
When the left ventricle cannot contract strongly enough to force blood into the aorta
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What can cause LVF?
Ischaemic heart disease or hypertension
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What are the issues with LVF?
Increases pulmonary blood pressure as blood backs up. Causes fluid to be pushed into the alveoli.
Heart is less efficient leading to myocardium hypertrophy which increases oxygen demand and perfusion distance
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What are the symptoms of LVF?
Chest pain, shortness of breath, oedema, cough with frothy sputum
What might LVF be confused with and how do you differentiate the diagnosis?
Chest infection.
Differentiate by looking at the colour of the sputum. LVF is frothy and chest infection is mucky
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What ECG changes can LVF cause?
A common cause is an MI so look for ST elevation and a new bundle branch block
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What are treatments of LVF?
GTN, furosemide, oxygen
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What is an AAA?
A bulge or swelling in the aorta
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What other aortic aneurysms are there?
Thoracic, cerebral, iliac, femoral, popliteal
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What are symptoms of AAA?
Severe tummy or lower back pain, sweating, dizziness, pale, clammy, tacky, SOB, fainting
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What are risk factors for AAA?
Smoking, age, hypertension, COPD, hyperlipidaemia, family history
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What are treatment options for AAA?
Ultrasounds every year for small, every 3 months for medium and surgery for large (stent or graft).
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What are the risk categories for AAA?
Small 3-4.4cm
Medium 4.5-5.4cm
Large 5.5cm+
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What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium of the heart
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What are the issues with pericarditis?
Causes pericardial effusion which is an increase in pericardial fluid. This puts pressure on the heart and prevents it from relaxing and filling, leading to a decrease in cardiac output
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What is pericardial effusion?
When fluid pools in the pericardial space
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What are causes of pericarditis?
Usually unknown but usually viral
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What are the symptoms of pericarditis?
Chest pain, pain relieve when leaning forward.
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What ECG changes may occur with pericarditis?
Global ST elevation and PR depression, reduced QRS amplitude
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What can pericarditis get mistaken for and how do you differentiate the diagnosis?
MI. Pericarditis shows global changes but MI shows isolated change on ECG
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