Cold War: 9 - Khrushchev and East-West Relations, 1955-60

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  • Created by: Madisonxo
  • Created on: 27-01-19 12:27
When did Khurshchev deliver his 'Secret Speech'?
25 Feb, 1956
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What did the Secret Speech do?
Reported Stalin's crimes and created instability in the Eastern blocs, with upridings in Poland and Hungary.
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What was de-Stalinisation?
Stalin ensured the EE states were pro-communist by a cult of personality, centralised planning, a one-party political system, secret police, censorship and the dominance of the Communist Party.
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When was the Polish uprising?
June-October 1956
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How did the Polish uprising begin?
On 28 June, Polish workers went on strike because of poor wages and poor working conditions and in October Gomulka (once discredited) was elected as leader of the Polish Communist Party.
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What did Khrushchev make Gomulka agree to in order to stay leader of the Polish Communist Party?
Threatened military intervention and made him agree to not carry out reforms that might threaten local communist rule, or the unity of the Soviet bloc. Poland was to remain in the Warsaw pact.
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Was force used? Why?
Although Soviet troops were already stationed in Poland were available to move in Warsaw but were not needed mainly because of the support from Beijing to the Polish Communist Party. (showed the increasing international role China was playing).
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Why was Gomulka preferred in Poland?
In their opinion, he preserved a Polish path to socialism rather than conforming to Soviet views on how they should behave, he balanced the need for Polish security w/the presence of Soviet troops (USSR would protect Poland)
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What did the Polish uprising show?
Moscow would allow its satellites a measure of national independence if the regimes were led by trustworthy men + China was playing an increasing role in international communism.
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When was the Hungarian uprising?
October-November 1956
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How did the Hungarian uprising begin?
22 Oct: students in Budapest listed 16 demands incl. the appointment of Imre Nagy as prime minister, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary, freedom of speech, free press and multi-party elections.
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What happened on the 23rd October?
The situation escalated into an armed revolt as the demonstrations were fired on by the Hungarian Secret Police and the workers' groups joined students + seized power from communist local authorities.
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When did Nagy become PM of Hungary and what did he initially do?
24 Oct: Met w/Soviet delegation and convinced the Soviets that military intervention was not needed + assured Moscow of Hungary's loyalty, so on 28 Khrushchev agreed to withdraw Soviet troops.
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What did Nagy announce on 1stNovember?
He announced that Hungary had withdrawn from the Warsaw Pact, and declared its neutrality.
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What happened as a result of Nagy withdrawing Hungary from the Warsaw Pact?
By Nov3rd, the rising was crushed as 4000 tanks surrounded Budapest. A new gov. was installed (Kadar) - he had a hard-line communist loyalty to Moscow. 4000 citizens were killed and 200,000 were in self-imposed exile.
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What were the impacts of the Hungary uprising?
The lack of Western intervention confirmed that they accepted the post-war status quo (EE was firmly under Soviet control), UN did not interfere either, peaceful coexistance was compromised, but showed to the USSR there WAS a need for reforms in EE.
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What were Khrushchev's foreign policy imperatives?
The USSR must remain the unchallenged leaders of the socialist community (against China), firm grip must be maintained over EE, Germany must not rearm, the USSR must expand its nuclear capability, internaitonal tension must be defused.
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What was peaceful coexistence?
Engaging the US in diplomacy to diffuse tensions where possible, and prevent direct confrontation.
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When was the Austrian State Treaty?
May 1955.
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What was Austria's position pre-1955?
It was split into 4 occupying zones, as Germany was.
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What was agreed with the Austrian State Treaty?
Led to the withdrawal of all occupying powers + the declaration that Austria would be a neutral state.
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What did the Austrian State Treaty show?
Showed a serious intnet towards mutual cooperation between the CW powers and removed a major source of potential conflict. An example of Peaceful Coexistence.
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When was the Geneva Summit?
September 1955
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What were the two major issues which the Geneva Summit discussed?
Nuclear disarmament and the future of Germany.
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What was the 'open skies' proposal + who proposed it?
Eisenhower: called for each side to provide details of military installations + to allow ariel reconaissance + suggested that 1(+) of crew on the plane should be a representative of the inspecting nation. Khrushchev rejected it.
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What did Eisenhower propose over the future of Germany?
Proposed a reunified Germany, free elections + Germany's freedom to ensure its own security (becoming a part of NATO), Khrushchev would only agree if Germany was demilitarised and neutral.
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When was the Paris Summit?
May 1960
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When was the Camp David talks? What was discussed?
September 1959 - Khrushchev (first Soviet leader to visit US) + Eisenhower: disarmament and the situation in Berlin. Agreed to settle international issues through diplomacy not force. Led to the Paris Summit.
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What was Khrushchev planning on discussing during the Paris Summit?
A deal over Berlin, an agreement to prohibit nuclear weapons in the Pacific and a ban on such weapons in Germany.
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Why did the Paris Summit collapse?
U2 spy plane incident.
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When did Kennedy become president?
January 1961
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What did the Secret Speech do?

Back

Reported Stalin's crimes and created instability in the Eastern blocs, with upridings in Poland and Hungary.

Card 3

Front

What was de-Stalinisation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

When was the Polish uprising?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How did the Polish uprising begin?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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