Cold War - 20: Developments in Africa and the Americas

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  • Created by: Madisonxo
  • Created on: 01-05-19 10:07
Who were the parties that were present in Angola?
MPLA, UNITA and the FNLA.
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MPLA?
Marxist movement
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UNITA?
Maoist
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FNLA?
Nationalist, pro-US
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When did foreign intervention in Angola begin?
June 1974: Chinese sent 120 military advisers to aid the FNLA, the US also provided $300,000 in covert funding in Jan 1975
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Why did the US support the FNLA if China was also supporting them?
They wanted to undermine the MPLA which was receiving aid from the USSR, Cuba also sent advisors to the MPLA.
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What did Kissinger convince Pres Ford to do for the FNLA?
July 1975: to send $25 mill in supplies + $16 mill in arms to FNLA, neighbouring Zaire also sent aid (did not want a Marxist gov taking hold of its neighbouring state)
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How were SA involved?
SA was concerned that if an MPLA gov took power in Angola, the African National congress (ANC) would have a base from which it could attack the apartheid system in SA.
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What happened in Luanda?
Oct 1975: FNLA supported by SA troops advanced toward the Angolan capital. Cuban forces protected Luanda and in Nov they won against the SA's.
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How did the MPLA claim victory in Cuba?
March 1976: Final victory after being aided by Cuban forces, proclaimed the People's Republic of Angola as early as Nov 1975 but this was not recognised by other African states until Feb 1976.
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What was the USA's position in Angola?
US gov realised that the FNLA was not going to win by summer 1975.
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Non-intervention option for USA
Would avoid costly involvement, would protect the US from international criticism, likely outcome was anti-US Angolan gov, US did not regard Angola as a direct threat to their economic and strategic interests.
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Why did the US stop aiding the FNLA?
Because they did not want to be associated with South Africa (growing international condemnation of apartheid in SA, SA was a political liability)
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What was the Soviet priority in Angola?
Wanted to ensure that China did not gain at the USSR's expense, USSR could not appear to be less able and less willing than China to support national liberation movements in developing nations.
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How did the Soviets view their own actions in Angola?
Believed it was still within the spirit of detente and the USSR had a legitimate right to aid people fighting for their liberation, this was also Castro's position.
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How did the British unintentionally cause conflict in Ethiopa?
Awarded the traditionally Somali territory of Ogaden to Ethiopa. Somalia saw Ogaden was its lands and invaded Ethiopia in July 1977.
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How did the conflict end?
Somali troops retreated in March 1978 after the USSR withdrew support for Somalia because the new Ethiopian gov was Marxist, Castro sent troops to Ethiopia - so a truce was announced.
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How did the USA react to the events in Ethiopia?
Accused Moscow of using Cuba in order to extend its own power in Africa. Any form of rapprochement between the US and Cuba was damaged by this intervention, this was a shame from Cuba's pov because they thought the US wanted detente with them both.
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Who topped the polls in Chile?
Sept 1970: Allende (socialist) but did not command a majority. The US viewed him as another Castro.
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How did the US react, what effect did this have?
CIA managed a covert action that would lead to a coup to prevent Allende from taking power, but the coup failed and Allende was elected as president.
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What did Allende initially do in Chile?
Seized land and redistributed it as farm cooperatives and a nationalisation programme was introduced.
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How did the US react?
Influenced the World Bank to not lend Chile any money and withdrew all of its own economic aid, also intervened covertly.
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What effect did this have on Chile?
Inflation spiraled, industry declined, farming stagnanted, unemployment rose, riots (some instigated by CIA). This led to a coup in Sept 1973 by Pinochet.
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What impact did the coup have on Chile?
Allende killed, regime overthrown, years of oppression followed as pro-Allende sympathisers were rounded up and killed, the socialist reforms were reversed. The CIA involvement was revealed (US justified this as protecting USA)
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What happened in Grenada after a pro-leftist gov took power?
Oct 1983: Reagan invaded Grenada, but other than a few Cuban military advisors on the island there was no evidence of an intent to establish a pro-Soviet or pro-Cuban regime. US justified invasion by saying it was to protect US medical students.
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How did the USSR respond to this invasion?
Viewed the invasion as an example of US imperialism and walked out of Geneva arms control talks.
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How did Britain respond to this invasion?
Resented USA's failure to consult Britain.
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What happened in Nicaragua in 1979?
June 1979: Sandinista National Liberation Front seized power from Somoza, Reagan regarded the Sandinistas as communists and in 1981 the US began supporting the anti-comm Contras.
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How did the US support the Contras?
US began to provide funds, equipment and training to the Contras and neighbouring Honduras (a pro-US state) provided a safe haven for them. March '82: Contras attacked.
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What did the Sandinista government do after the Contras attacked?
Imposed press censorship restrictions on civil liberties and introduced universal military conscription (the image Reagan wanted of Nicaragua)
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What illegal/questionable activities did the Reagan administration carry out?
CIA tried to persuade US allies (Israel+Taiwan) to provide funding to the Contras (to avoid congressional restrictions), US officials had arms deals w/Iran despite US embargo on sales to Iran, CIA mined Nicaraguan harbours+refused to pay reparations
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

MPLA?

Back

Marxist movement

Card 3

Front

UNITA?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

FNLA?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

When did foreign intervention in Angola begin?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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