Cold War - 18: The Extent of Detente up to 1979

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  • Created by: Madisonxo
  • Created on: 30-04-19 12:59
Previous to SALT, what treaties had been agreed to limit the development of nuclear weapons? What stalled the progress?
1963: Moscow Test Ban Treaty. 1968: Non-Proliferation Treaty. Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia had stalled this process.
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When was SALT I?
26th May 1972
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First treaty of SALT I?
Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty: Limited the USSR+USA to constructing 2 fields of ABMs, each with no more than 100 missiles. One by capital city, other to protect ICBM sites.
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Significance of ABM treaty?
Meant that there would be no signif competition to further develop ABM defence technology, showed that both of the superpowers recognised the other's destructive power and therefore each side had an interest in preventing MAD.
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Second treaty of SALT I?
Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms: Freezed no. of strategic missiles: 1054 ICBMs for the USA + 1618 for USSR, 656 SLBMs for the US and 740 USSR, 450 strategic bombers for the US + 140 for USSR.
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Limitations of SALT I?
Valid for 5 years (interim), made no provisions for new technology e.g. MIRVs.
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Strengths of SALT I?
Politically beneficial for Brezhnev and Nixon, opened the way for negotiation not confrontation (detente), US+USSR accepted nuclear parity.
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When was the Moscow Summit?
May 1972: 12 Basic Principles agreed
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What was the first main principle agreed at the Moscow Summit?
1st Basic Principle: USA+USSR agreed their is no alternative to conducting their mutual relations on the basis of peaceful coexistence, commitment to relations based on sovereignty, equality, mutual advantage, non-interference in internal affairs.
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What was the second main principle agreed at the Moscow Summit?
Focused on determination to avoid situations developing that could damage their commitment to peaceful coexistence, each power rejected the idea that it should be free to gain at the expense of the other, rejection of force.
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What was the third main principle agreed at the Moscow Summit?
Acceptance of a special responsibility to do everything in their power so that conflicts will not arise which would serve to increase international tensions + ppl will not be subject to outside interference in their internal affairs.
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Limitations of the Basic Principles Agreement?
The Basic Principles had no legal status, everything depended on each side abiding by the guidelines, USA viewed them as aspirations rather than a solid basis for detente, USSR viewed them to be of fundamental importance.
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When was the Vladivostok Summit?
November 1974
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What happened at the Vladivostok Summit?
Kissinger talked with Brezhnev about strategic missile launchers + MIRVs. Agreement on framework on 10yr plan (prelim to SALT II). Congress supported this SALT agreement by Feb 1975 despite internal opposition due toUSSR having high levels of weapons
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Agreement made at the Vladivostok Summit?
Soviets agreed to equal levels of ICBM launchers and SLBM launchers.
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Problems emerging at the Vladivostok Summit?
USA argued that the limit on air-to-surface missiles applied only to ballistic missiles, USSR argued it included cruise missiles.
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When was Ford replaced as president? By who?
Jan 1977: Jimmy Carter
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What new proposals did Carter make to the USSR in 1977?
1) Reducing the strategic systems from the 2400 level agreed at Vladivostok to 1800-2000 2) Reducing number of MIRVs from 1320 to 1100, reducing number of ICBMs, ban on developing new ICBMs, ban on all cruise missiles w/range above 2500km.
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How did Brezhnev react to this proposal?
Thought Vladivostok was binding and therefore thought Carter was acting in a unilateral (and therefore unacceptable) manner, proposals demanded disproportionate reduction in Soviet forces, Brezhnev rejected them.
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After this proposal, what was the view from the USSR of the Carter administration?
Thought they were beginning to move away from detente and the cooperation on nuclear weapons that it necessitated.
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When was the Vienna Summit?
June 1979: Signing of SALT II
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Signif of Vienna Summit?
The fact that such a summit could take place meant that the Soviet and American leadership could talk + communicate directly with each other.
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What is Ostpolitik?
Term used to define a new approach to European East-West relations with the appointment of Willy Brandt as chancellor of W Germany in Oct 1969.
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What were Brandt's objectives?
To recognise E Germany and the territorial changes that had happened at the border at the end of WW2. Wanted to negotiate with the USSR, Poland and the GDR.
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Initial steps towards establishing Ostpolitik?
A non-aggression pact w/USSR signed in Aug 1970, 7/12/1970: W. German treaty w/Poland to recognise post-war border.
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What led to easier recognition of East Germany by West Germany?
Resignation of Comm. Party chief in E Germany, Ulbricht (the 'last Stalinist') and replaced with Honecker. With this new leadership came new relations.
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When was the Basic Treaty + what was it?
21st December 1972: Attempt to normalise relations between the two Germanies. Critical in European detente, an agreement formally recognising each other.
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Implications of the Basic Treaty?
Hallstein Doctrine = dead, meant other European nations could establish relations with the GDR.
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What was the Hallstein Doctrine?
1955: W German policy that aimed at not recognising the existence of E Germany and therefore not forming any relations with any state (other than the USSR) that recognised E Germany.
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When did the GDR join NATO?
September 1973
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When + what was the Helsinki Accords?
All major European countries + USA + Canada held a security conference. All European countries except Albania participated, all had power of veto. Outcome = Helsinki Accords/Helsinki Final Act - baskets
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Basket I of the Helsinki Final Act?
Security in Europe.
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10 principles of Basket I?
Respect sovereignty among states, human rights, reject threat, existing frontiers, peaceful settlement of disputes, territorial integrity recognised, non-intervention in internal affairs, equal rights, cooperation among states, fulfill obligations
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Basket II of the Helsinki Final Act?
Cooperation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment
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What did Basket II address?
Trade and industrial cooperation, transportation, science and technology, the promotion of tourism, the environment, and issues concerning migrant labour.
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Basket III of the Helsinki Final Act?
Cooperation in Humanitarian and Other Fields
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What did Basket III address?
Focused on cultural and educational exchange, sought to encourage the freer movement of people. information and ideas.
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What were the three Soviet interests in the Helsinki conference (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe - CSCE)?
1) Extend Ostpolitik + develop wider acceptance of status quo in Central + Eastern Europe 2) Decrease barriers between states in order to increase economic activity 3) Further the process of East-West detente
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As well as 3 main interests, what was the Soviet position?
Less interested in human rights, concern about external interference in the internal affairs of the Soviet Union+other comm. states in EE, reluctant to accept advanced notice of military exercises (but they did because of their commitment to detente)
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What was the American position on the Helsinki Accords?
Not fully committed to accepting the political status quo in EE, feared that the Helsinki Final Act meant accepting a divided Germany and an EE run by the USSR, committed to relaxing confrontations between E and W though.
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The Arms race from 1974 to 1979?
SALT was seen by Kissinger as a guarantee that an arms race would not revive, by 1978 the USSR refused to stop deploying missiles in Europe, Carter wanted to address this imbalance and convinced NATO countries to increase military spending.
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What did the USSR do after this NATO increase + how did the West view this?
Continued deploying their **-20 missiles throughout Warsaw pact countries, this was seen by the West as a fundamental threat to the NATO defence strategy
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How did China improve Sino-US relations?
Visited China in 1972
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What was Carter's view on China when he took office?
Carter took the view that China must be a central element of the USA's global strategy, China agreed.
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What was a potential hold up for positive Sino-US relations?
For China, the USA's lasting support for Taiwan was a blatant interference in China's internal affairs.
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How was this issue resolved?
December 1978: China+US reached an agreement regarding Taiwan, China revoked demand that US cease to aid Taiwan militarily, China assured the US that the Taiwan issue would be resolved peacefully. Formal diplomatic relations followed.
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What effects did a new, positive Sino-US relationship have on both the US and China?
China: gave them access to the US-dominated global markets. USA: strengthened the USA's ability to manage the development of the USSR as a threat to US interests.
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Card 5

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