Cognitive Psychology quiz 1

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  • Created by: The Shrew
  • Created on: 17-09-16 08:09
What is cognitive psychology
Scientific study of the mind- how it works
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Donders
First cognitive experiment- Choice Reaction Time- Simple Reaction Time= Decision time (0.1ms)
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Wundt
'Father of experimental psychology- Structuralism- mental activities understood by describing basic mental elements/ sensations
3 of 101
Analytic introspection
Describing subjective experience using elementary sensations
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Ebbinghaus
13 nonsense syllables- how long it takes to relearn same list- Memory savings-> Time(relearn)< Time(learn)
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Forgetting curve
1 day- drops from 60% to 35%- levels off after 6 days
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James
Taught first psychology course at Harvard/ wrote "principles of psychology'/ studied through 'observations' of his own mind
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Watson
Introspection is ********, Behaviourism= objective observable behaviour
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Watson and Rayner
Little Albert! Classical conditioning
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Skinner
Operant conditioning
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Book Skinner published- decline in behaviourism
'Verbal behaviour'- language acquisition explained by operant conditioning
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Chomsky
Verbal behaviour is bullshit
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Cognitive science developed over 10 years in
Cognitive revolution!
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Tolman
Cognitive map- mouse can find food despite being put in different spot in maze= cognitive map
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Cherry
Attention experiment- different messages in different ears- could only pay attention to one at a time except for the odd thing
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1954
First commercially available computer
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1956
Conference on artificial intelligence plus conference on information theory
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Newell and Simon
Computer program- 'logic theorist'- proof of mathematical theorems that involve principles of logic
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Neisser
First cognitive psychology book
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Beilock
People worse at simple math if told they're being filmed- choke- anxiety uses up working memory capacity
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Randall and Eagle
Low working memory ps/ high working memory ps- Low pressure= LWM< HWM/ High pressure HWM advantage disappears
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Beilock
HWM more likely to choke- HWM= do the sum/ LWM= come up with shortcut that doesn't always work- pressure= HWM more likely to use short cut and get it wrong- LWM isn't affected
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Broadbent
Filter theory of attention- Input-> filter-> detector-> memory
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Structural models vs process models
Relationship between brain structures and cognitive functions like a map/ Mental activities as a process with different stages
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Levels of analysis
Understand same phenomena from different perspectives
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Before Cajal
Staining techniques= pictures of brain- microstructure- continuous network= nerve net
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Golgi
Improved staining technique- thin slice in solution of silver nitrate
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Cajal
Golgi stain in new born animals- nerve net not continuous- individual neurones
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Groups of neurones from
Neural circuits
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Neurone doctrine
signals communicate amongst neurones
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Adrian
Microelectrode (little glass tube and micropipettes filled with conductive solution) pick up electrical signal from single neurone
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Recording/ Reference electrode
Measures electrical charges of neurone/ measures electrical charge of outside environment
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Relative charge
Change from resting potential (-70) to action potential (+40) when neurone stimulated beyond threshold, then dips below after
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Height and shape of action potential
Stays the same regardless- temporal/ spacial summation
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Action potential allows
Signal to reach synapse and release neurotransmitter
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Neural representation
How **** looks in the brain
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Hubel and Wiesel
Cats visual cortex recorded- neurones respond selectively to bars with different lengths, orientations and directions of movement= feature detectors
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High specificity
Each neurone responds to a preferred feature
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Gross
Monkeys- different shapes= different reactions in parts of temporal lobe and visual cortex
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Hierarchical processing
Visual cortex responds to simple stimuli- sends axons to higher levels of system (temporal lobe/ FFA)
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Three hypothesized schemes of sensory coding
Specificity coding, population coding, sparse coding (***)
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Specificity coding
Each stimulus represented by a single neurone in brain
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Population coding
Each stimulus represented by firing patterns of large numbers of neurones
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Sparse coding
Each stimulus represented by firing patterns of small numbers of neurones
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Research suggests...
Sparse coding
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Most cognitive functions served by
Cerebral cortex
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Three methods to map the human brain
Neuropsychology- behaviours of patients with brain damage/ Single unit recording- activities of individual neurones/ Brain imaging- infer brain activities
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Broca
Left frontal lobe responsible for language production
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Wernicke
Area in temporal lobe responsible for language comprehension
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Holmes
Soldiers- damge to occipital lobae= Blindness- where person was blind depended on location of damage
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Upper temporal lobe damage
Problems hearing
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Parietal lobe
Perception of touch, pressure and pain
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Frontal lobe
signals from all senses- higher cognitive functions
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Lower right side temporal lobe
prosopagnosia
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MRI/ fMRI
Images/ Neural activity= magnetic field around brain can detect iron molecules in hemoglobin
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Activity is recorded in
Voxels- small cube shaped areas on pic
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Kanwisher
FFA
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Parahippocampal Place Area
Outdoor and Indoor scenes
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Extrastriate Body Area
Bodies
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Huth
Objects and actions similar to each other have voxels close together in brain
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Cognitive functions
Happen far apart= distributed representation- different components and contributions from all over the place
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Diffusion tensor imagery
How water diffuses along length of fibres
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Positron emission tomography
Radioactive tracer- changes in blood flow in brain measured to infer brain activities
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BOLD fMRI
advances in MRI allows high spacial resolutio- 'Blood oxygenation level dependent'
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Modular representation
Each function mapped onto one brain area
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Distributed representation
Each function mapped onto multiple areas
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Human connectome project
Loads of people working out how brain is connected- 1200 adults ps- so far- map of 180 different brain areas
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Sensation refers to
Stimulation of senses
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Google Deep Mind
Artificial intelliegnce- top GO player in world
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Alan Turing
Imitation game= Turing test- whether in an interview an interogator would be able to tell if they were human or computer
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CAPTCHA
the wavy words and **** to avoid computers exploiting websites
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Inferences from ambiguous info
Make guesses based on pre-existing knowledge
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Inverse projection problem
Different images leave same image on the retina
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Under-constrained problem
Not enough info for unique solution (eg Necker cube)
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Occlusion and blurring
System is robust to inputs being incomplete or degraded
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Viewpoint invariance
Can percieve objetcs from different viewpoints
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Bottom- up information
Info through senses- experience built on later
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Top-down info
Info provided from brain/memory- perception determined by prior knowledge (eg multiple personalities of blob)
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Helmholtz's view
Image on retina= ambiguous= Likelihood principle- most likely cause becomes final percept
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Concave faces
See them as convex
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Speech segmentation
Hear words as whole unbroken sentence rather than the individual words= top-down
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Pain model in 1950s-60s
Direct pathway model- receptors in skin (nocieptors) send signals directly to brain= bottom-up
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BUT
TOld to relax/ know what to expect/ placebos/ distraction/ worse if injury looks bad= top-down
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Structuralist explanation
Wundt- basic sensations make up whole object
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Gestalt means
German word for form/shape
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Wertheimer
Structuralism can't explain apparent movement (when there is no movement)
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Gestalt definition
"the whole is different from the sum of its parts"
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Wertheimer's 5 rules
Proximity, Similarity, Pragnaz (simplest form), Contiuity, Closure
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Physical regularities theory
Things we come across all the time- Physical and semantic
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The oblique effect
Horizontal/ Vetical lines
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Hubel and Wiesel
More neurones in cat visual cortex for horizontal and vertical lines
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Light-from above assumption
Shadows override assumptions of size, movement and shape
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Movement facilitates perception
See from more than one viewpoint= more info
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Ungerleider and Mishkin
Remove part of monkey brain- Object discrimination task= shown object then monkey gets reward for knocking over same object later/ Landmark discrimination= food if remove object closest to tall cylinder
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Temporal lobe/ Parietal lobe
Temporal= "what pathway'/ Object task suffered/ Parietal= "where pathway"/ Landmark task suffered
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Hilner and Goodale
Patient D.F.- damage to temporal lobe- couldn't rotate card to match slot but could slot it in when the movement was involved- Pathway from visual cortex to temporal lobe= perception/ pathway from VC to pariental lobe= action pathway
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Gelbard and Sagiv
Epilepsy patients- record neurone in hippocampus while ps watch various stimuli- one neurone really active for storing the simpsons but for nothing else= hippocampus involved in storing representations of memories
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Bayes rule
Prior probablity x Likelihood = Perceptual inference
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Blakemore and Cooper
Raise cats in environment where they only vertical lines= no neurones for horizontal lines= experince not natural selection
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Kanwisher et al
FFA! only responds to faces
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Gauthier
Trained ps to recognise 'Greebles'- after 4 days FFA responded strongly to Greebles= Experience dependent plasticity
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Donders

Back

First cognitive experiment- Choice Reaction Time- Simple Reaction Time= Decision time (0.1ms)

Card 3

Front

Wundt

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Analytic introspection

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Ebbinghaus

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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