Cognitive Psychology - Content

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  • Created by: mariA*
  • Created on: 14-05-17 10:38
What are the three parts of the Working Memory Model? (2.1.1)
Phonological loop, Central Executive, Visuospatial Sketch Pad
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Who created the Working Memory Model and in What year?
Baddeley and Hitch, 1974
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What are the functions of the Phonological Loop?
It is to learn language
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What can the capacity of the Phonological Loop suggest?
How large the capacity is influences the ability to learn, so the bigger it is, the more likely you are to learn multiple languages
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What is the articulatory loop?
It is the rehearsal loop, reviving traces of memory
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What is the primary acoustic loop?
It is the short term auditory memory store
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What are the functions of the Central Executive?
It is to supervise the system, intervening when needed and putting pieces of information together
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What are the functions of the Visuospatial sketch pad?
It is to link non-verbal intelligence together
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What is the capacity of Visuospatial sketch pad and what can it cause?
Its capacity is 3 to 4 objects, therefore can cause change blindness
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What are the two parts of the Visuospatial sketch pad?
Visual cache and Inner Scribe
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What does the inner scribe do?
Retrieves and rehearses information
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What does the Visual cache do?
Stores information about form and colour
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What was the added improvement to Working Memory Model?
The episodic buffer
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What is the function of Episodic buffer?
It is the storage for Central Executive and is responcible for time sequencing of visual, verbal and spacial data
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Where is the Phonological Loop located?
Tempo-parietal area of brain and rehearsal occurs in Broca's area
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Where is Central Executive located?
Frontal lobe
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Where is the Visuospatial sketch pad located?
Right hemisphere
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Strengths of Working Memory Model?
A lot of supporting research; face validity; brain scans; detailed; progression from Multi Store Memory
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Weaknesses of Working Memory Model?
Had to be redefined, thus wasn't adequate to start with; episodic buffer needs further research; no ecological validity
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What is the theory of forgetting?
Trace decay theory
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What does the trace decay theory state?
All memories have a physical trace, but not using the trace causes its deterioration until it is lost
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What is an engram and how is it used in memory?
It is a neorological change, which can be reinstated when lost by rehearsing the information
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Strengths of trace decay?
Physiological evidence, provides application in real life
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Weaknesses of trace decay?
Difficult to test just the theory alone, flashbulb memories contradict the theory
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What are the three parts of Multi Store Memory? (2.1.2)
Sensory register, Short term memory, Long term memory
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Who developed the Multi Store Memory and What year?
Attkinson and Shiffrin, 1968
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What is the mode of representation of sensory register?
Senses: sound taste touch sight smell
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What is the capacity of the sensory register?
Unlimited
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What is the duration of information in sensory register?
1 to 2 seconds
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What is encoding?
How memories are registered
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Why does data in sensory register move to short term memory?
It is attended to
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What happens if information is not attended to?
It decays
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What is the mode of representation of short term memory?
Auditory
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What is the capacity of short term memory?
7+or-2
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What is the duration of short term memory?
18 to 30 seconds
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Who found this duration?
Peterson and Peterson
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What rehearsal is in short term memory?
Maintenance rehearsal
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What type of process is this reharsal?
Shallow
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What type of reheasal occurs between short snd long term memory and why?
Elaborate rehearsal, due to the information being semantic
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What type of process is this rehearsal?
Deep
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Who found the levels of processing and what year?
Craick and Lokhart 1972
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What are the modes of representation in long term memory?
Visual, acoustic, semantic
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What is the capacity of long term memory store?
Unlimited
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What is the duration of long term memory?
Unlimited
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What is retrieval failure?
Not being able to remember something in long term memory
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Strengths of Multi story memory?
Physiological supporting evidence, scientific methods, Clive Wearing
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Weaknesses of multi story memory?
Henry Morrison case study shows that the memory is complex, hard to define capacity (Craick and Lokhart 1972), artificial tasks used
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What are the two decay theories?
Displacement and Interference
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What does the displacement theory suggest?
Rehearsal loop has limited capacity and only some information will enter the long term memory successfully
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What are the two effects in displacement theory?
Recency and Primacy effect
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What is the recency effect?
Most recently learned information is still going through the rehearsal loop, available for immediate use
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What is the primacy effect?
Information learned first is remembered best because it has already entered the long term memory store
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Strengths of displacement theory?
Fits with the multi store memory model and the working memory model, experiments were well controlled
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Weaknesses of displacement theory?
It was tested with artificial tasks, parts of theory (ie primacy effect) is more interference, theory is hard to operationalise
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What does the interference theory suggest?
One item gets in the way of another
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What are the two types of interference?
Proactive and retroactive
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What is proactive interference?
Learning before intervenes with new learning
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What is retroactive interference?
New learning takes over old learning
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Strengths of Interference theory?
Cause and effect conclusions, a lot of evidence available
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Weaknesses of interference theory?
Doesnt explain how it occurs, lack of ecological validity due to artificial tasks, when there are cues the effect disappears
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What are the two long term memory types? (2.1.3)
Episodic and Semantic memory
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Who put forward the two memory types and what year?
Tulvin 1967
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What is long term memory divided into?
Declarative and Procedural memory
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What is declarative memory?
Memory of meaningful events
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What is procedural memory?
Memory of how to do things
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What is declarative memory split into?
Episodic and semantic memory
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What is episodic memory?
Memory of particular events and specific information. It is autobiographical
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How is it encoded and what can trigger recall?
It is perceptually encoded and context clues can trigger recall
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How it is stored?
It is stored by encoding specificity principle, where it is in memory how it was experienced. The time and space is also encoded. There is no hierarchy
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What impact does the retrieval of memories do on the memory?
It changes the memory and a new episode is encoded and stored
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What is semantic memory?
Memory of relationships and how things fit together
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What is it related to?
Cognitive function due to objects and concepts
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What does retrieval rely on?
On stored rules
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What evidence is there for semantic memory?
Free recall, where one word triggers the next
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What study can be used for evidence for semantic memory?
Bower et al 1969, where he used four lists and participants freely recalled words. In conclusion, meaning of the word is used in recall, thus may be used in encoding and storage
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What two case studies that can be used for evidence?
HM (Henry Morrison) and Clive Wearing. Clive Wearing lost episodic and semantic memory. HM lost hippocampus and can't make or retrieve memories. Both have intact procedural memory.
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Strengths of Semantic and Episodic Memory theory?
A lot of research, it links to other theories (eg Reconstructive, Multi Store), applications in real life
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Weaknesses of Semantic and Episodic Memory Model?
Semantic and Episodic memories may rely on each other more than thought, the results may not be valid due to artificial tasks
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What is Reconstructive Memory? (2.1.4)
Memories can change based on prior experiences
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Who put forward the theory and in what year?
Bartlet, in 1932
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What are schemas?
They are cognitive categories and ideas based on experiences in everyday life
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What impact do new experiences have on schemas?
They can change and new schemas can be developed
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How do old schemas affect storage of memories?
They can change the memories to fit them, or filling in blanks in a memory
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What is confabulation?
Filling in blanks (done by schemas)
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What are the two ways schemas can change memories?
Levelling and sharpening
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What is levelling?
Removing or down-playing details of memory
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What is sharpening?
Adding or exaggerating details
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What study can be used for evidence of this theory?
Bartlett (War of Ghosts) on 1932, Loftus and Palmer 1974 (Real car crash memory was distorted based on phrasing of question)
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Strengths of Reconstructive memory?
High credibility due to many reliable studies, explains false memories, links to Semantic memory, applicable in real life (witness testimonies)
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Weaknesses of reconstructive memory?
Early study by Bartlett had no scientific methodology, doesn't explain how memories are constructed
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Individual differences' affect egs? (2.1.5)
Social class, education, genetics, personality
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Who created the Working Memory Model and in What year?

Back

Baddeley and Hitch, 1974

Card 3

Front

What are the functions of the Phonological Loop?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What can the capacity of the Phonological Loop suggest?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the articulatory loop?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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