Cognitive psychology

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How is the short term memory encoded?
Acoustically
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What is the capacity of the short term memory?
7 items +/-2
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How long is the duration for the short term memory?
Seconds
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How is the long term memory encoded?
Semantically
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What does the 'S' stand for in the multi store model?
Baddeley showed that recall was greater in STM with acoustically dissimilar, therefore it encodes acoustically.
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What is the conflicting evidence for the multi store model?
Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model
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What are the 'other explanations' for the multi store model?
Working memory model as alternate structure
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What is the usefulness of the multi store model?
Learning about capacity and duration; both from the teachers perspective and the students.
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Has the multi store model been tested?
Yes, by Sebastian and Hernandez-Gil
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Who created the working memory model?
Baddeley and Hitch
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What store of memory does the working memory model show?
STM
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What is the phonological loop in the working memory model for?
holds information in a speech based form
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What is the role of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
encodes visual and spatial information
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What is the role of the central executive?
To allocate information, but it doesn't act as a memory store
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What is the supporting evidence for the working memory model?
Brain scanning
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What is the conflicting evidence for the working memory model?
It is still being updated- the episodic buffer was added in 2000
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What is the other evidence for the working memory model?
The multi store model by Atkinson and Shiffrin
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What is the usefulness of the working memory model?
Understanding how memory works allows us to know more about people with memory difficulties-dyslexia
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Has the working memory model been tested?
Brain scanning- however they were artificial tasks
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What are the 3 types of long term memory?
Episodic, semantic and procedural
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Who looked into the semantic and acoustic role in the encoding of the STM and LTM?
Baddley
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What is the episodic memory?
autobiographical memory of personal records
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What is the semantic memory?
Knowledge and facts
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What is the procedural memory?
Practical skills
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Who is the case study that can be used for long term memory?
Henry Molaison
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What is the weakness of studying the different types of long term memory?
The different types of memory work together therefore you can't study them on an individual basis
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Who looked at reconstructive memory?
Bartlett
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What are schemas?
Pockets of information that are already in the LTM
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What Northern American folk tale was used in Bartlett's study?
War of the ghosts
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Once the participants had read the 'war of the ghosts', how long did they wait till they were asked to recall it the first time round?
15 minutes
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What is Bartlett's study supported by?
Chinese whispers
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What is the main weakness of Bartlett's study?
If they knew what they were doing they may have used the schemas to make sense of it
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Who looked into the role of semantic and acoustic encoding in the LTM and STM?
Baddeley
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In Baddeley's experiment how where the lists of words given?
On a visual presentation
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How many participants were in Baddeley's study?
71
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What was list A in Baddeleys experiment?
Acoustically similar
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What was list B in Baddeley's experiment?
Acoustically dissimilar
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What was list C in Baddeley's experiment?
Semantically similar
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What was list D in Baddeley's experiment?
Semantically dissimilar
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What was the list A recall in Baddeley's experiment?
10%
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What was the recall for list C in Baddeley's experiment?
55%
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Were both males and females used in Baddeleys experiment?
Yes
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What is the supporting evidence for Baddeley's research?
the working memory model and multi store model
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Was there validity in Baddeley's research?
It was limited because they used artificial tasks
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Did Baddeley's research have any ethical issues?
Yes
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Where did the participants in Baddeley's study come from?
The University's bank of students
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Who looked into the development of the STM from childhood to adolescence?
Sebastian and Hernandez Gil
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Who were the participants for Sebastian and Hernandez Gil's study?
570 Spanish boys
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What did Sebastian and Hernandez Gil's study entail?
Digit span test
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What was the digit span for a 5 year old?
3.76
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What was the digit span for a 10 year old?
5.13
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What was the age range for Sebastian and Hernandez Gil's study?
5 - 11
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What was the digit span for a 17 year old?
5.91
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What did Henry Molaison suffer from?
Severe epilepsy
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What did Henry Molaison have removed at 26 years old?
Hippocampus
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What is the only form of LTM that Henry Molaison had no struggles with after his operation?
Procedural
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Card 2

Front

What is the capacity of the short term memory?

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7 items +/-2

Card 3

Front

How long is the duration for the short term memory?

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How is the long term memory encoded?

Back

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Card 5

Front

What does the 'S' stand for in the multi store model?

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