Cognitive Methodology

This resource follows the Edexcel A level 2015 specification, with the spec references next to the main questions. 

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  • Created by: mariA*
  • Created on: 14-05-17 18:23
What are the types of experiments (2.2.1)
Laboratory and field
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What is a laboratory experiment?
It is in a lab or in a controlled setting that is artificial and unnatural
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What are the strengths of lab experiment?
Cause and effect conclusion, internal validity, objective, reliable
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What are the weaknesses of lab experiment?
Lack of ecological validity, hard to apply in society, experimenter effects due to experiment focus
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What is a field experiment?
It is in the participants' natural environment
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What are the strengths of a field experiment?
It is more ecologically valid, has internal validity, objective
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What are the weaknesses of a field experiment?
Harder to control the variables, harder to replicate thus harder to test for reliability, each experiment experience is different
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What are the two main types of variables? (2.2.2)
Independent and dependent variables
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What is an independent variable?
It is the variable that is changed or manipulated to see its effect on the dependent variable
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What is a dependent variable?
It is the variable measured by the researcher
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What are the two main types of hypotheses? (2.2.3)
Null and alternative hypothesis
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What is a null hypothesis?
It is a statement of what is definitely not going to happen in the study or that nothing will happen at all
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What is an alternative hypothesis?
It is a statement predicting what will happen happen, used for non experimental investigations
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What are the types of tailed hypotheses? (2.2.4)
One tailed and two tailed
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What is the other name for one tailed hypothesis and what is it?
Directional and it predicts which condition will perform better
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What is the other name for two tailed hypothesis and what is it?
Non directional and it just states that there will be a difference
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What are the three types of research and experimental designs? (2.2.5)
Repeated measures, independent groups, matched pairs
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What is a repeated measures design?
Every participant goes through each condition
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What are the strengths of a repeated measures design?
Participant variables cancel out, a lot of data collected
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What are the weaknesses of a repeated measures design?
Order effect, fatigue effect, practice effect, demand characteristcs
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What is an independent groups design?
Every participant is in a group and just does that one condition
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What are the strengths of this design?
No order effects, less likely to have demand characteristics
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What are the weaknesses of this design?
Participant variables will effect the results, a lot of participants needed
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What is a matched pairs design?
Participants from groups are paired up
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What is matched pairs design treated as?
Repeated measures design
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What are the strengths of a matched pairs design?
No order effects, participant variables don't affect results
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What are the weaknesses of a matched pairs design?
Some participant variables such as education can still affect results, many people are needed for the study
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What are the experimental variables? (2.2.6)
Extraneous variables and confounding variables
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What are extraneous variables?
Any variables that can effect the results of a study
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What are confounding variables?
Any extraneous variables that are not controlled by experimenter
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What is operationalisation of variables?
To make variables measurable in practice
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What are the two ways of controlling order effects? (2.2.7)
Counterbalancing and randomisation
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What is counterbalancing?
Order of conditions are alternated for every participant
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What is randomisation?
Order of conditions are random for every participant
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What are order effects?
When all participants do conditions in the same order, causing participant variables to affect results
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What are situational effects? (2.2.8)
Variables connected to the situation that the participants are in
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What are participant effects?
Variables relating to the participants, such as their mood and age
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What is objectivity? (2.2.9)
When the researchers' personal opinions do not affect the results
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What is reliability?
Consistency of data
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What is validity?
Whether or not the study measures what it claims
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What are the three types of validity?
Internal, predictive and ecological
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What is internal validity?
Data is due to the manipulation of independent variable
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What is predictive validity?
A later measure confirms earlier measure of a characteristic
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What is ecological validity?
Whether or not the data is connected to the setting of the participant
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What are the experimenter effects? (2.2.10)
Any clues given by researcher that can affect results
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What are the demand characteristics?
When the participant guesses the aim of the study and helps the experimenter to achieve the aim
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What are the three types of measures of central tendency? (2.2.11)
Mode, median, mean
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What is mode?
The most common data
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What is median?
The number in the middle of data
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What is mean and how is it calculated?
The central average of data and calculated by the total of scores divided by the number of scores
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What are the two types of measures of dispersion?
Range and standard deviation
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What is range?
The highest value - lowest value
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What is standard deviation?
How far away most values are from the mean
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When is Mann Whitney U test chosen? (2.2.12)
Independent groups design and ordinal data
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When is Wilcoxon Test chosen?
Repeated measures design and ordinal data
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What are the two types of errors?
Type 1 and type 2
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What is type 1 error?
When null hypothesis is wrongly rejected
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What is type 2 error?
Null hypothesis is wrongly accepted
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

It is in a lab or in a controlled setting that is artificial and unnatural

Back

What is a laboratory experiment?

Card 3

Front

Cause and effect conclusion, internal validity, objective, reliable

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Lack of ecological validity, hard to apply in society, experimenter effects due to experiment focus

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

It is in the participants' natural environment

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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