Cognition and Emotion

?
affect
Experience of feeling or emotion
1 of 63
Emotion
Brief but intense
2 of 63
Affective judgement
A decision on what a person likes or dislies
3 of 63
Watson and Clark
An emotion contains these response systems: 1. behaviour 2. psychological response 3. feeling
4 of 63
Basic emotion approach
the big 5 - fear, anger, disgust, happy and sadness, universal + independent of culture + upbringing
5 of 63
cross cultural study
Isolated non literate countries, didn't recognise suprise
6 of 63
Ekman
Distinct universal signals, physiological present in other primates, quick onset, brief duration, distance thoughts, memories, images and expensive
7 of 63
Dimension approach, Lang
Pps had to rate valence and arousal, bunny -> positive + low arousal, SAM - 9 rate scale, self assessment manikin, dominance/control, nostalggia --> +ve past experience, -ve pssing of time
8 of 63
James Lange
Stimulus --> sensory perception --> bodily changes --> Emotion, each emotiona has a unique physiological signature
9 of 63
Cannon- Bard
Stimulus --> sensory perception --> physiological response heart rate, emotion
10 of 63
Schachter and Singer theory
stimulus --> sensory perception --> arousal --> cognitive appraisal + past experience + control --> fear
11 of 63
Schachter and Singer's experiment
Lie: investigate suproxin on vision, injected patients with adrenaline, 3 groups, correctly informed, misinformed, ignorant
12 of 63
What was the control?
salient solution (ignorant)
13 of 63
What situations were they placed in?
joy or anger inducing situations
14 of 63
Results
happy group: misinformed felt happier, angry group: ignorant group
15 of 63
How does it support cognitive appraisal?
despite having the same substance, same physiological response, emotion was influenced by info + situation
16 of 63
Zajonc
Cognition before emotion, presented images subliminally to pps, make preference judgement, crave higher like rating to the 'seen' stimuli, an emotional response despite no cognition, emotion precedes cognition
17 of 63
Murphy and Zajonc
Prime stimulus (angry and Happy faces) --> chinese ideograph --> rating
18 of 63
What is the rating of likiability?
Influenced by emotional prime up to 4 ms. 1 second cognitive processes kicked in
19 of 63
Cognitive appraisal
Interpretation of a situation that helps to determine nature and intensity of emotional response
20 of 63
Lazarus
Showed videos of stonge age circumcision, workshop accidents, no soundtrack, trauma , denial and scientific, measure stress, 3+4 were better compared to 2 in comparison with one
21 of 63
Primary appraisal
threat to personal wellbeing
22 of 63
Second appraisal
Resources to cope
23 of 63
reappraisal
Measure appraisal one and two and establish any modifications
24 of 63
Primary appraisal
motivational relevance, congruence relevance
25 of 63
Secondary appraisal
Accountability, problem focused coping potential, emotion focused coping potential, future expectancy
26 of 63
Anger and guilt?
Both have 1 and 2 occur when goals and blocked but differ by 2 components, guilt - self accountability and anger is towards other people
27 of 63
Mood congruity effect
learning in best when the material learned has the same affective value as learners mood state
28 of 63
Bower
Recall is best with mood state at learning being the same as state of retrival, naturally occuring mood state (parachute jumping), mood induction in a lab
29 of 63
Four ways of inducing mood in a lab
Hypnosis, music, reading vigrettes, gift giving`
30 of 63
What was the experiment?
Hypnotic mood induction, happy mood and sad mood, learn 2 list of neutral words, List A and B
31 of 63
What did Pps have to learn?
1/2 sad pps: learn A, Happy: learn B, 1/2 pps happy: learn list A and sad: learn B, Free recall of A, 1+2 better, 3+4 worse
32 of 63
Bowers semantic network?
Emotions are nodes in a semantic network having onnections to related ideas, physiological, sadness is an inhibition node to happiness
33 of 63
mood state dependence
Grandma and train = sad, activation spreads to these concepts increasing liklihood of recall, someone sad will learn more sad material tan if they were happy
34 of 63
What are sad events associated with?
Sad node, encoding of material, superior LTM
35 of 63
Varner and Ellis
Pleasant words: love and calm, unpleasant: death , mood induce, test recall of words while in mood
36 of 63
What does a pleasure mood do?
Recall more positive memories
37 of 63
Clark and Teasdale
Severity of depression differs, severe depressed levels = fewer happy memories reported, activation of nods, spreads activation to other nods of the network, raising activation = related information recreates chances of information entering chances
38 of 63
Attention and Emotion
Attend to stimuli before it is encoded
39 of 63
Attentional bias
selective attentional to emotionally related stimuli presented at the same time as neutral ones
40 of 63
Interpretative bias -
tendency to interpret situation or ambiguous stimuli in a negative way
41 of 63
Emotional stroop
Emotional and neutral words in colour, name of colour
42 of 63
What did high trait anxiety pps show?
Larger interference effects on emotional stroop, meaning of word captures attention
43 of 63
Van Honk et al
Neutral and coloured faces, ignore the face and name the colour, colour naming latencies are slower for angry faces
44 of 63
Macleod et al
Speed of responses when dot occupies location previously occupied by threat vs neutral stimuli
45 of 63
Control
Faster for neutral compared to threatening reverse for anxious --> slower for neutral words, anxious pateints allocate attention to threat words
46 of 63
What about exams?
1 week before = bias, 12 weeks before = no bias
47 of 63
Eyesenck et al
Homophoness (Pain/Pane) (Dye/Die), high trait more threat related words spellings
48 of 63
Response bias
Both interpretations were available but high anxiety ps chose to only write down negative one
49 of 63
Richard and French
Batter, punch, stalk. in a priming lexical decision task
50 of 63
For example?
+ --> prime word --> target word --> response
51 of 63
Results?
Prime and target related --> response faster
52 of 63
Basic visual search paradigm
Target and respond present/absent, DV: RT and accuracy, IV: vary the set size of the search display sometimes vary of the properties of the target, vary the distractors and vary the relationships between the targets and distractors
53 of 63
Parallel search
Detection times for targets dont vary, one at a time
54 of 63
Serial search
RTs vary as a function of set size, all at once
55 of 63
When is it more difficult?
When the target features are shared with distractors
56 of 63
Ohman
Evolutionary adaptive for us to detet threat quickly and automatically, visual threat - related stimuli should be detected faster than non threatening stmuli
57 of 63
Hansen and Hansen Experiment 1
9 different faces, 1/2 all same emotion and other discrepant emotion, faces show angry, happy and neutral faces
58 of 63
Anger superiority effect
angry face in a crowd,
59 of 63
critique?
Difficult to explain how finding a neutral face in a happy crowd is relatively fast
60 of 63
Experiment 2
Again presented crowds of 4 faces all continuing a discrepant face but very briefly and then masked with scrambled letters, same individual, where the face was, less time to detect angry face in happy face, dont say they pop out
61 of 63
Experiment 3
Vary the number of faces, ps search a 2x2 and 3x3 matrix of different faces, faces show angry, happy or neutral, ps had to respond 'same or different
62 of 63
Purrel
Couldnt replicate, dark patches on the angry faces, nothing to do with emotion
63 of 63

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Emotion

Back

Brief but intense

Card 3

Front

Affective judgement

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Watson and Clark

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Basic emotion approach

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Cognitive Psychology resources »