Cognition and development

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Ramachandran and Oberman
Broken mirror theory of ASD. It is broken mirror systems which prevent a child from imitating and therefore understanding intentions.
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Williams
Found that ASD imitate less in infancy
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(+) Mouras
Heterosexual **** vs Mr Bean Vs fishing. sensitive penis ring to measure arousal - became aroused watching **** supporting the theory that it stimulates same response as doing it.
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(-) Lamm
Brain activity of watching an emotion is not the same as experiencing the emotion, diminishes the feeling of the emotion.
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(+) Hadjikani
Found structural differences in the mirror neutron areas of ASD patients
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(-) Hickock
Questions the existence of Mirror neutrons, the difference between them and other neutrons isn't evident.
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Mirror Neuron
a type of special neutron in the brain that fire when a person performs or simply observes an action. these neurons are thought to allow us to interpret intention and emotion in others
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Rizzolatti
accidentally discovered mirror neutron while observing monkeys. found neutrons fired when watching someone perform an action and when they did it.
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Mirror Neurons and intention
Mirror neurons imitatie intention as well as the action
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Gallese and Goldman
make the jump from imitation to intention = demonstrating the progression of social cognition.
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Theory of Mind
the ability to theorise what another person if feeling. it is a person's belief about another's feelings not simply awareness of a difference as with Perspective taking. it is fully developed by age 4
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Meltzoff
measured theory of mind through intention. he had children watch parents attempt to put marbles in the jar, failing occasionally. the child mimicked the intention.
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Autistic Spectrum disorder
Impairments in social cognition, social imagination and empathy.
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High functioning autism
leads to a child having extreme abilities e.g. an abnormally high IQ. they have poor eye contact, inability to show emotions and are resistant to change.
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Classic Autism
low to mid functioning autism. Often have learning disabilities. when under the age of 3 they are often unmanageable.
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Simon Baron Cohen
created false belief and Eye tasks.
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False Belief tasks
developed to test a person's ability understand that another person could believe something that is different to their own.
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Eye Task
Involves reading complex emotions in people in pictures only including a small area around the eyes.
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(+) Fasle belief task
have been repeated many times
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(-) Distinguishing ToM from PT
perhaps repeating Selman rather than measuring empathy.
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(-) Taager Fluberg
lack of theory of mind isn't evident in all ASD patients.
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(-) Lack of task validity of Eye Task
we never have to Read a person's emotions simply from their eyes.
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Social cognition
The mental processes used in social interaction. We use these processes to decide how to behave in certain situations.
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Perspective taking
our ability to look at a situation from the point of view of another person
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Piaget's belief about PT
Physical PT developed at the same time as social perspective taking
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Dilemma Scenarios
the child's response to the scenario gives insight into their developmental level
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Socially Egocentric
Stage 1 (3-6 years) - cannot tell the difference between own emotions and those of others.
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social information role taking
Stage 2 (6-8 years) - cannot hold multiple opinions at once but are aware others have different opinions.
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self-reflective role taking
Stage 3 (8-10 years) -can put themselves in another person's shoes.
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mutual role taking
Stage 4 (10 - 12 years) - can look at the situation from their own perspective and another's perspective at the same time.
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social and conventional system role taking
Stage 5 (12 + years) - Understand that understanding the viewpoints of others isn't enough to keep order in every situation, so other conventions are used.
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Interpersonal understanding
measured in Selman's perspective taking. If we can take on different roles then we can understand social situations
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Interpersonal negotiation strategies
techniques used in social situations, e.g. to assert our position or manage conflict.
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Understanding of personal meaning in relationships
the ability to reflect on behaviour in the context of life history and personal relationships
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(+) Selman and Gurucharri
Longitudinal correlation of age and perspective taking.
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(+) Bujzen and Valkenburg
Negative correlation between age, perspective taking and coercive behaviour. children with lower PT levels were more likely to try to force their parents to buy them a toy.
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(-) Emphasis on Perspective taking being important in social situations
some intelligent people are good at perspective taking but socially awkward.
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(-) ignores individual effectors
overly emotional people are often more socially awkward but may also more aware of others perspective. family may also affect this skill.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Found that ASD imitate less in infancy

Back

Williams

Card 3

Front

Heterosexual **** vs Mr Bean Vs fishing. sensitive penis ring to measure arousal - became aroused watching **** supporting the theory that it stimulates same response as doing it.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Brain activity of watching an emotion is not the same as experiencing the emotion, diminishes the feeling of the emotion.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Found structural differences in the mirror neutron areas of ASD patients

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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