COASTAL LANDSCAPE AND CHANGE

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  • Created by: PendersL
  • Created on: 20-05-18 18:28
COASTAL LANDSCAPES AND CHANGE
COASTAL LANDSCAPES AND CHANGE
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WHAT IS THE LITTORAL ZONE?
THE LITTORAL ZONE IS THE AREA WHERE LIGHT CAN PENETRATE THE SURFACE AND REACH THE SEA FLOOR.
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WHAT IS THE INSHORE?
THIS IS WHERE THE IT BECOMES SHALLOWER MAKING THE WAVES BREAK AND MOST OF THE HUMAN ACTIVITY IS.
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WHT IS THE OFFSHORE?
THE BACKSHORE IS THE DEEPEST PART OF THE LITTORALA ZONE AND WAVES TRAVEL THROUGH WITH NO EFFECT.
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WHAT IS THE FORESHORE?
THE WAVE PROCESSES ARE CONCENTRATED HERE, BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW TIDE.
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WHAT IS THE BACKSHORE?
THIS IS ONLY UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF WATER IN STORMS AND HIGH PRESSURE.
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WHAT IS A CONCORDANT COASTLINE?
THIS IS WHERE THE ROCK WHICH MAKES UP THE COAST RUNS PARALLEL TO THE SEA. THIS CREATES FEATURES SUCH AS A DALMATION COASTLINE, HAFFS AND COVES.
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WHAT IS A DISCORDANT COASTLINE?
THE ROCK WHICH MAKES UP THE CLIFFS RUN IN BANDS PERPENDICULAR TO THE SEA. THIS CREATES THING SUCH AS HEADLANDS AND BAYS
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WHAT IS A CONSTRUCTIVE WAVE?
A CONSTRUCTIVE WAVE IS WHEN THE WAVE HAS A LOW HEIGHT, LONG LENGTH AND LOW FREQUENCY. THE SWASH IS STRONGER THAN THE BACKWASH. BUILDS THE BEACH UP.
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WHAT IS A DESTRUCTIVE WAVE?
A DESTRUCTIVE WAVE HAS A TALL WAVE HEIGHT, SMALL LENGTH, HIGH FREQUENCY. IT HAS A STONGER BACKWASH THAN SWASH. THIS MEANS IT TAKES AWAY THE SEDIMENT FROM THE BEACH.
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HOW DOES A WAVE FORM?
A WAVE FORMS WHEN THE WIND BLOWS OVER THE WATER.
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WHAT IS A WAVE?
A WAVE IS WHEN THE ENERGY MOVES IN CIRCULAR MOTIONS THROUGH THE WATER. THE WATER MOVES UO AND DOWN.
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WHAT DOES THE SIZE OF A WAVE DEPEND ON?
THE SIZE OF A WAVE DEPENDS ON THE STRENGTH OF THE WIND, DURATION OF THE WAVE, THE LENGTH OF THE FETCH AND THE THE DEPTH OF THE WAVE.
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WHAT IS WAVE REFRACTION?
WAVE REFRACTION IS WHEN THE HEADLANDS ARE ERODED MORE THAN THE BAYS. THIS IS BECAUSE THE HEADLANDS ARE HIGHER AND THIS HAPPENS TO MAKE THE COASTLINE SMOOTHER.
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WHAT TYPES OF COASTLINES ARE THERE?
THE TYPES OF COASTLINES ARE ROCKY, CLIFFED, SANDY AND ESTURAINE.
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WHAT IS A SANDY COAST?
A SANDY COAST IS WHEN THE TRANSITION BETWEEN THE LAND AND THE SEA IS GRADUAL?
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WHAT IS A ESTURAINE COAST?
IT IS WHEN THERE IS A PARTIALLY ENCLOSED COASTAL BODY, NORMALLY HAS SPITS, SALT MARSHES AS WELL AS OTHER FEATURES.
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WHAT IS A CLIFFED COAST?
A CLIFFED COAST IS WHEN THE TRANSITION BETWEEN LAND AND SEA IS ABRUPT.
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WHAT IS A ROCKY COAST?
A ROCKY COAST IS WHEN THE COAST IS MADE UP OF RESISTANT MATERIAL
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HOW ARE COASTS CLASSIFIED?
COASTS ARE CLASSIFIED BY IF THEY ARE PRIMARY OR SECONDARY, SEA LEVEL CHANGE, TIDAL RANGE AND WAVE ENERGY.
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WHAT IS A PRIMARY COAST?
A PRIMARY COAST IS A COAST WHICH IS CREATED FROM A TERRESTRIAL SOURCE. NEW LAND IS CREATED.
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WHAT IS A SECONDARY COAST?
A SECONDARY COAST IS WHEN IT IS CREATED BY EROSION AND DEPOSITION.
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WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF TIDAL RANGE?
1)MICTROTIDAL 2)MACROTIDAL 3)MESOTIDAL
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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF WAVE ENERGY AT THE COAST?
HIGH ENERGY AND LOW ENERGY.
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WHAT IS A LOW ENERGY COASTLINE?
A LOW ENERGY COASTLINE IS WHEN THE RATE OF DEPOSITION IS GREATER THAN THE RATE OF ERSOION.
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WHAT IS A HIGH ENERGY COASTLINE?
A HIGH ENERGY COASTLINE IS WHEN THE RATE OF ERSOION IS GREATER THAN THE RATE OF DEPOSITION.
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NAME THE METHODS THAT SEDIMENT IS TRANSPORTED
SEDIMENT IS TRANSPORTED BY TRACTION, SALTATION, SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION?
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WHAT IS TRACTION?
TRACTION IS WHEN LARGE SEDIMENT PARTICLES ARE ROLLED ACROSS THE SEA FLOOR.
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WHAT IS SALTATION?
SALTATION IS WHERE THE SEDIMENT IS PICKED UP IN HIGH ENERGY AND THEN DROPPED IN LOW ENERGY.
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WHAT IS SOLUTION?
WHERE DISOLVED SEDIMENT IS TRANSPORTED ALONG THE COAST.
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WHAT IS THE SUSPENSION?
SUSPENSION IS WHEN THE SEDIMENT IS CARRIED WITHIN THE WATER COLUMN OFF THE SEA FLOOR.
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NAME THE THREE METHODS OF DEPOSITION
FLOCCULATION, LONSHORE DRIFT AND GRAVITY SETTLING.
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WHAT IS LONGSHORE DRIFT?
LONGSHORE DRIFT IS WHERE THE SEDIMENT MOVES ALONG THE COAST AT AN ANGLE AND PULLED BACK BY THE BACKWASH PERPENDICULAR TO THE SEA AND LAND. WHEN THE SEDIMENT CAN NO LONGER BE CARRIED IT IS DEPOSITED.
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WHAT IS GRAVITY SETTLING?
GRAVITY SETTLING OCCURS WHEN THERE ISA LOSS OF ENERGY MEANINF THE SEDIMENT CAN LONGER BE CARRIED.
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WHAT IS FLOCCULATION?
FLOCCULATION IS WHEN PARTICLES STICK TOGETH ANS THEN SETTLE AT THE BOTTOM, AS THE PARTICLES ARE HEAVIER AND CAN NO LONGER BE CARRIED SO SETTLE AT THE BOTTOM.
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WHAT VEGETATION HELPS STABILIE THE COASTLINE?
SALT MARSHES AND SAND DUNES>
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WHAT IS A SALT MARSH?
SALT MARSHES ARE AREAS OF SILTY SEDIMENT THAT ACCUMULATE AROUND THE ESTURARIES OR LAGOONS.
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HOW ARE SAND DUNES FORMED / WHAT IS THE SAND DUNE SUCCESSION?
SAND DUNE SUCCESSION IS EMBRYO DUNE, FORE DUNES, YELLOW DUNES, GREY DUNES, DUNE SLACK AND TALLEST DUNE.
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WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF WEATHERING?
1)BIOLOGICAL 2)CHEMICAL 3)MECHANICAL
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WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING?
BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING IS WHERE THE PLANTS, ANIMALS, RUNNING WATER AND MARINE ORGANISMS CAUSE THE CLIFF, SEDIMENT TO BREAK UP.
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WHAT IS CHEMICAL WEATHERING?
WHEN THERE IS A CHEMICAL REACTION. CARBONATION OR OXIDATION OR HYDROLYSIS.
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WHAT IS MECHANICAL WEATHERING?
MECHANICAL WEATHERING IS WHERE THERE IS A BREAK DOWN IN THE ROCK. THIS COULD BE THROUGH FREEZE THAW AND SALT CRYSTALISATION. EXERTION OF THE ROCK DUE TO A PHYSICAL FORCE.
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NAME THE TWO TYPES OF SEA LEVEL CHANGE
1)EUSTATIC 2)ISOSTATIC?
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WHAT IS ISOSTATIC SEA LEVEL CHANGE?
ISOSTATIC SEA LEVEL CHANGE IS WHEN THERE IS A CHANGE IN THE SEA LEVEL IN RELATION TO THE LAND. THE LAND MOVES UP AND DOWN. AS A RESULT OF ACCRETION OR GLACIAL ADJUSTMENT
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WHAT IS ACCRETION?
ACCRETION IS WHEN MATEREIAL IS ADDED TO THE COASTLINE CAUSING THE SEA LEVEL TO DROP.
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WHAT IS GLACIAL ADJUSTMENT?
GLACIAL ADJUSTMENT IS WHEN THE ICE WEIGHS DOWN THE LAND WHICH CAUSES ONE SIDE OF THE LAND TO GO DOWN AND THE OTHER SIDE TO GO UP. HOWEVER WHEN THE ICE MELTS THIS START TO GO BACK TO HOW IT WAS BEFORE, CHANGING THE HEIGHT OF THE LAND.
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WHAT IS EUSTATIC SEA LEVEL CHANGE?
EUSTATIC SEA LEVEL CHANGE IS A CHANGE IN THE GLOBAL SEA LEVEL. THIS IS CAUSED BY ICE FORMATION AND ICE MELTING.
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WHAT IS ICE FORMATION?
ICE FORMATION IS WHEN THE WATER EVAPORATES. IT THEN CONDENSES AND FALLS AS SNOW/ICE THIS IS STORED AS ICE CAUSING A FALL IN SEA LEVEL.
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WHAT IS ICE MELTING?
ICE MELTING IS WHEN THE ICE MELTS DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE/INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE. THIS CAUSES THE SEA LEVEL TO INCREASE.
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NAME THE COASTAL FORMATIONS FORMED BY A CHANGE IN SEA LEVEL
FJORDS, DALMATION COASTS, RAISED BEACH AND RIAS
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HOW IS A FJORD FORMED?
A FJORD IS FORMED WHEN A GLACIAL TROUGH ARE FLOODED BY A RISE IN SEA LEVEL.
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HOW IS A DALMATION COAST FORMED?
A DALMATION COAST IS FORMED WHEN ROCKS HAVE BEEN CRUMPLED BY TECTONIC ACTIVITY AND THE SEA LEVEL RISES FLOODING THE SYNCLINES AND THE ANTICLINES STAY ABOVE THE WATER LEVEL.
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HOW IS A RAISED BEACH FORMED?
A RAISED BEAC IS FORMED WHEN A BEACH FORMS NEXT TO A CLIFF AND THE SEA LEVEL FALLS CREATING THE BEACH TO BE RAISED.
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HOW IS A RIA FORMED?
A RIA IS FORMED BY DROWNED RIVER VALLEY WHERE SEA LEVEL HAS RISEN FLOODING THE RIVER PLAIN.
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NAME THE FOUR TYPES OF EROSION
1)HYDRAULIC ACTION 2)ABRASION 3)ATTRITION 4)CORROSION
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WHAT IS HYDRAULIC ACTION?
HYDRAULIC ACTION IS WHEN AIR BUBBLES ARE FORCED INTO THE CRACKS IN THE ROCK. THE COMPRESSES BUBBLES OF AIR ARE FORCED IN BY THE WAVE. WHEN THE WAVE MOVES THE PRESSURE IS RELEASED AND THE BUBBLES EXPAND AND POP. THIS CREATES THE CRACK TO BE BIGGER.
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WHAT IS ABRASION?
ABRASION IS WHEN SEDIMENT IS THROWN AT THE CLIFF FACE SMOOTHING IT. THIS THEN ERODES THE CLIFF FACE.
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WHAT IS ATTRITION?
ATTRITION IS WHEN ALREADY ERODED MATERIAL IS MADE SMOOTHER BY MALL FRAGMENTS SLOWLY BEING CHIPPED OFF IT.
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WHAT IS CORROSION?
CORROSION IS WHEN ROCKS ARE DISOLVED BY WEAK ACID.
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NAME THE METHODS COATS ARE MANAGED
ENGENERING STRATERGIES AND ICZM
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NAME THE TWO TYPES OF ENGENERING METHODS USED AT THE COAST
1)SOFT ENGENERING 2)HARD ENGENERING
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WHAT IS SOFT ENGENERING?
SOFT ENERGENERING IS USING NATURAL MATERIALS TO BUILD UP AND PROTECT THE COAST LINE.
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NAME THE SOFT ENGENERING METHODS
BEACH NOURISHMENT, MARSH CREATION, CLIFF REGRADING, CLIFF DRAINAGE AND DUNE STABILISATION.
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WHAT IS BEACH NOURISHMENT?
BEACH NOURISHMENT IS ADDING EXTRA SEDIMENT TO THE BEACH TO MAKE IT BIGGER.
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WHAT IS MARSH CREATION?
MARSH CREATION IS ALLOWING AN AREA TO FLOOD AND IS A FORM OF MANAGED RETREAT.
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WHAT IS CLIFF DRAINAGE?
CLIFF DRAINAGE IS WHEN THE AMOUNT OF WATER IN THE CLIFF IS REDUCED.
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WHAT IS CLIFF REGRADING?
CLIFF REGRADING IS WHEN THE ANGLE IS REDUCED IN THE CLIFF.
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WHAT IS DUNE STABILISATION?
DUNE STABILISATION IS WHEN SPECIES OF PLANT, SUCH AS MARRAM GRASS, ARE PLANTED TO STABILISE THE DUNES.
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WHAT IS HARD ENEGENERING?
HARD ENGENERING IS WHEN PHYSICAL BARRIERS ARE USED TO PROTECT THE COASTLINE FROM EROSION.
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NAME THE HARD ENGENERING METHODS
THE HARD ENGENERING METHODS ARE GRYONES, SEAWALL, GABIONS, ROCK ARMOUR AND OFFSHORE BREAKWATER.
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WHAT ARE GRYONES?
GRYONES ARE WOODEN OR ROCK STRUCTURES WHICH RUN PERPENDICULAR TO THE SEA WHICH TRAPS SEDIMENT FROM BUILDING UP THE BEACH.
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WHAT IS A SEAWALL?
A SEAWALL IS A CONCRETE WALL BUILT AT THE BACK OF THE BEACH OR FOOT OF A CLIFF WHICH ABSORBS AND REFLECTS/RERACTS THE ENERGY FROM THE WAVE.
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WHAT IS A GABION?
A GABIOIN IS A WOODEN STRUCTURE WITH ROCKS IN IT WHICH ABSORBS THE WAVE ENERGY.
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WHAT IS ROCK ARMOUR?
ROCK ARMOUR IS WHEN ROCKS ARE PLACED AT THE FOOT OF A CLIFF AND ABSORB SOME OF THE WAVE ENERGY.
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WHAT IS AN OFFSHORE BREAKWATER?
AN OFFSHORE BREAK WATER IS A PARTIALLY SUBMERGED ROCK BARRIER WHICH BREAKS THE WAVE EARLIER REDUCING THE MAOUNT OF ENERGY.
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WHAT DOES THE ICZM STAND FOR?
INTERGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT.
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WHAT IS THE ICZM?
THE ICZM IS WHERE THE WHOLE SECTION OF THE COAST IS MANAGE RATHER THAN THE INDIVUAL PARTS.
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HOW DOES THE ICZM WORK?
IT FOLLOWS HOLD THE LINE, ADVANCE THE LINE, MANAGED RETREAT AND NO ACTIVE INTERVENTION SCHEMES ALONG THE COASTLINE IN THE RELEVANT PLACES TO MANAGE THE WHOLE SECTION OF COAST.
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WHAT IS HOLD THE LINE?
HOLD THE LINE IS MAINTAINING THE AREA OF LAND KEEPING IT TO THE SAME LEVEL.
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WHAT IS ADVANCE THE LINE?
ADVANCE THE LINE IS INCREASING THE AREA OF THE LAND AND PROTECTING MORE LAND.
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WHAT IS MANAGED RETREAT?
MANAGED RETREAT IS FLOODING AREAS CREATING SALT MARSHES AND OTHER FORMATIONS.
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WHAT IS NO ACTIVE INTERVENTION?
NO ACTIVE INTERVENTION IS ALLOWING NATURE TO WORK.
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WHAT IS MASS MOVEMENT?
MASS MOVEMENT IS WHEN LARGE AREAS OF LAND/CLIFF SLIP AND MOVE DOWN SLOPE. THUS IS DETERMIND BY THE ANGLE OF THE SLOPE OR CLIFF AND ROCK TYPE AND STRUCTURE.
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WHAT ARE THE FORMS OF MASS MOVEMENT?
THESE ARE SOIL CREEPS, ROCK FALLS, EARTHFLOWS/MUDFLOWS AND ROCK SLIDE.
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WHAT IS ROCK SLIDE?
ROCK SLIDE IS WHEN THE TOP LAYER OF ROCK IS FROZEN AND SLIPS DOWN THE UNFROZEN ROCK UNDERNEATH.
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WHAT ARE MUDFLOWS/EARTHFLOWS?
MUDFLOWS/EARTHFLOWS ARE WHEN UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIAL IN THE CLIFF FALLS AND SLIDES DOWN THE CLIFF.
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WHAT IS SOIL CREEP?
SOIL CREEP IS WHEN THE SOIL IN THE CLIFF MOVES AND SLIDES DOWN THE CLIFF.
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WHAT IS ROCK FALL?
ROCK FALL IS WHEN LARGE ROCKS FALL FROM THE CLIFF WHEN IT HAS BEEN ERODED.
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NAME THE EROSIONAL LANDFORMS
MICRO FEATURES, BLOW HOLE, WAVE CUT NOTCH/WAVE CUT PLATFORM
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NAME THE MICRO FEATURES
CAVE, ARCH, STACK STUMP
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HOW ARE THE MICRO FEATURES FORMED?
MICRO FEATURES ARE FORMED BY A CRACK BEING ERODED INTO A CAVE. WHICH IS THEN ERODED INTO AN ARCH. WHICH IS THEN ERODED INTO A STACK, WHICH IS THEN ERODED INTO A STUMP.
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HOW IS A BLOW HOLE FORMED?
A BLOW HOLE IS FORMED WHEN A ROCK/CLIFF HAS BEEN SLOWLY ERODED THROUGH THE ROCK TO THE TOP CREATING A SMALL GAP.
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HOW IS A WAVE CUT NOTCH/ WAVE CUT PLATFORM FORMED?
IT IS A LEDGE WHICH IS FORMED WHEN THE FOOT OF A CLIFF HAS BEEN ERODED. THIS IS NORMALLY JUST ABOVE THE HIGH TIDE MARK.
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NAME THE DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS
OFFSHORE BAR, TOMOBOLO, SPIT, BAR
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HOW IS A SPIT CREATED?
A SPIT IS CREATED WHEN THE SEDIMENT IS DEPOSITED FROM LAND GOING INTO THE SEA. IF IT CURVES AT THE ND IT IS A RECURVED SPIT AND IF THERE IS A SPIT FROM EITHER END OF THE LAND IT IS A DOUBLE SPIT.
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HOW IS A BAR FORMED?
A BAR IS FORMED WHEN A SPIT CONNECTS TWO AREAS OF LAND TOGETHER CREATING A LAGOON.
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HOW IS A TOMBOLO FORMED?
A TOMBOLO IS WHEN A BEACH FORMS BETWEEN A SMALL ISLAND AND THE MAINLAND.
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HOW IS AN OFFSHORE BAR FORMED?
AN OFFSHORE BAR IS FORMED WHEN RIDGES IF SAND/SHINGLE/SEDIMENT BUILD UP.
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WHAT IS COASTAL FLOODING?
IS WHEN AN AREA BY THE COASTLINE FLOODS.
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HOW IS AN AREA AT RISK FROM COASTAL FLOODING?
COASTAL FLOODING IS AT AN INCREASED RISK IF THE HEIGHT ABOVE THE SEA LEVEL IS LOW OR LOTS OF MAJOR RIVERS FLOW THROUGH THE AREA. CAN ALSO BE CAUSED BY HUMAN ACTION ACTION SUCH AS REMOVING VEGEATION.
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WHAT IS THE CASE STUDY FOR COASTAL FLOODING?
THE CASE STUDY IS BANGLADESH. REMOVED MANGROVES WHICH INCREADES RISK AS NOTHING WAS THERE TO TAKE AWAY THE ENERGY FROM THE WATER.
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WHAT IS THE ICZM CASE STUDY?
THE ICZM CASE STUDY IS THE HOLDERNESS COAST. SOME AREAS SUCH AS BRIDLINGTON AND MAPPLETON HAVE BEEN PROTECTED WHILST OTHER AREAS SUCH AS SPURN POING HAVE BEEN LEFT ALONE.
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WHAT IS THE SOFT ENGENERING CASE STUDY?
SAND DUNE STABILISATION IS AT FORMBY BEACH WITH THE PLANTING OF CHRISTMAS TREES TO CREATE A BUILD UP OF SAND
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WHAT IS THE HARD ENGENERING CASE STUDY?
THE SEA WALL AT BLACKPOOL. USED AS A PROMANADE TO BLEND IN WITH THE AREA AS WELL. IT IS ALSO USED AS AN ATTRACTION TO TEH AREA.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

WHAT IS THE LITTORAL ZONE?

Back

THE LITTORAL ZONE IS THE AREA WHERE LIGHT CAN PENETRATE THE SURFACE AND REACH THE SEA FLOOR.

Card 3

Front

WHAT IS THE INSHORE?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

WHT IS THE OFFSHORE?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

WHAT IS THE FORESHORE?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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