Coastal Environments Geography AQA A2/AS Levels

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  • Created by: xlixave
  • Created on: 13-03-18 11:23
What is an input?
material or energy moving into the system from outside
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What is an output?
material or energy moving from the system to the outside
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what is dynamic equilibrium?
a state of balance within a constantly changing system
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what is a store?
Individual elements or parts of a system
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what is a transfer?
it is the links or relationship between components
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what is a positive feedback?
where a flow/ transfer leads to an increase or growth
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what is a negative feedback?
where a flow/transfer leads to decrease or a decline
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What wind factors affect the coast?
fetch, the strength of water, the duration of the wind
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what is fetch?
fetch is the length of water over which a given wind has blown
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what is the Coriolis force?
Earth's rotation affecting where the winds travels
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What are the two different types of waves?
Constructive and Destructive
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What is the difference between constructive and destructive?
Constructive has a strong swash and a weak backwash which creates a gentle sloped beach. Whereas destructive waves has a strong backwash and a weak swash, and removes material from a beach
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what is the difference between spring and neap tides?
Spring Tide is when the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned and produces higher and lower tides. Whereas neap tides are when the Sun and the Moon are perpendicular to each other causing the height of the tides lower
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What is the difference between low and high coastlines?
high energy environments is where the rate of erosion exceeds the rate of deposition. Whereas low energy environments is where the rate of deposition exceeds the rate of erosion
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What are the sources of sediment?
Rivers, Cliff erosion, Long shore Drift, Wind, Glaciers, Offshore
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How is rivers a source of sediment?
Sediment that is transported in rivers account for the majority of coastal sediment
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How is cliff erosion a source of sediment?
areas of relatively soft or unconsolidated are prone to erosion
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How is longshore drift a source of sediment?
Sediment is transported from one stretch of coastline to another stretch of coastline
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How is wind a source of sediment?
Wind-blown sand can be deposited in coastal regions
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How is Glaciers a source of sediment?
Ice shelves clave traps sediments within the ice and is transported into the sea
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How is Offshore a source of sediment?
Sediments from offshore can be transferred into the coastal zone by waves, tides and currents
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what is a sediment cell?
Sediment cell is a stretch of coastline, usually bordered by two headlands, where the movement of sediment is more or less contained
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How many sediment cells are in the UK?
There are 11 major cells
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What type of system is a sediment cell?
A sediment cell is a closed system as headlands acts a barrier and stop sediments from travelling further
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What hazard could cause sediments to act as an output?
Storms
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What is sediment budget?
A sediment budget is the balance between changes in the volume of sediment held within the system and leaving the system
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What could affect/ disrupt the sediment budget?
Coastal Protection
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What factors can alter the sediment budget?
volume of material being deposited, the impact of human intervention, sea level rise
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What is physical weathering and give an example
Physical Weathering involves the break up of rocks without any chemical changes; freeze thaw
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What is biological weathering and give an example
Biological weathering is the breakdown of rocks by organic activity; root and animals creating small cracks on the cliff leading the rock breaking
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What is chemical weathering and give an example
Chemical weathering involves a chemical reaction where salts may dissolve, solution or acid rain
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Name 3 types of mass movements
Landslide, Rockfall and Mudflow
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What is landslide?
An unsupported mass of rock or cliff material collapses onto the beach
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What is rockfall?
Rock fragments fall the face of the cliff because of gravity
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What is mudflow?
saturated soil flows over impermeable soil, rapidly
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Name 3 erosion processes
Hydraulic Action, Abrasion, Attrition
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What is hydraulic action?
This is when there is a crack on the cliff and waves causes the crack to get bigger, eventually breaking or weakening the cliff
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What is abrasion?
This is when bits of rock and sand grind down cliff surfaces
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What is attrition?
This is when waves smashes rock and pebbles into each other
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How does wave-cut platforms form?
Waves erodes the cliff, creating a notch which eventually turns into a cave. When the top layer is no longer supported it will fall only leaving a wave cut platform which is visible at low tides
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How does caves, arches, stacks and stumps form?
Cracks in the cliff gets bigger due to hydraulic action, a cave forms. The caves eventually turns into an arch due to further erosion. The arch collapses due to weathering and erosion. Then a stack and stump is left due to wave refraction
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Name 3 transportation processes
Longshore Drift, Traction and Saltation
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What is longshore drift?
Longshore Drift is when prevailing wind causes waves to approach the coast at an angle. Sediments are carried along the coastline in zig-zag motions. Eventually the sediments will be deposited when the wave loses energy
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What is traction?
Traction is the rolling of sediment along the seabed, which is too heavy to be carried by the sea
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What is saltation?
sediments bounced along the seabed
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What deposition landforms are created?
Spits, Tombolo, Offshore Bars
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What is a spit and how do they form?
A spit is a long, narrow feature made up of sand and/or shingle. This forms because of longshore drift along the coast but the direction changes due to a secondary prevailing wind or a river estuary. Sediments starts to build up and a spit forms
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What is a tombolo and how do they form?
A tombolo is a beach that has formed between a small island and main land. Tombolo forms when waves lose their energy and a tombolo beings to build up
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What is a offshore bars?
Offshore bar is when submerged ridges of sand created by waves offshore from the coast. Offshore bars happens when destructive waves erode sand from the beach and deposit the sediments offshore due to strong backwash
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What is an output?

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material or energy moving from the system to the outside

Card 3

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what is dynamic equilibrium?

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Card 4

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what is a store?

Back

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Card 5

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what is a transfer?

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