What is the normal intracellular concentration of K+?
~140 mM
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What is the normal intracellular concentration of Na+?
~15 mM
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What is the normal intracellular concentration of Ca2+?
~0.1 mM
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What is the normal extracellular concentration of K+?
~5 mM
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What is the normal extracellular concentration of Na+?
~145 mM
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What is the normal extracellular concentration of Ca2+?
~1 mM
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What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
-70 mV
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Why is the resting membrane potential of a neuron negative?
The electrical force driving K+ into the cell is stronger than the chemical force driving K+ out of the cell, but there is still a weak K+ outward driving force, making it 'leaky' to K+ and prone to losing + charge.
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How do impulses propagate along a nerve?
Saltatory conduction. Na+ influx causes depolarisation of the cell membrane potential which leads to a chain effect; the nerve impulse propagates along the nerve by opening neighbouring Na+ voltage-gated channels.
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What is a neuromuscular junction?
The synapse between a somatic motor neuron end plate and skeletal muscle.
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What is myasthenia gravis?
An autoimmune condition where antibodies are produced against post-synaptic nicotinic receptors.
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What is Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome?
An autoimmune condition where antibodies are produced against Ca2+ channels in the motor end plate. Causes reduced entry of Ca2+ upon depolarisation, so limited ACh release.
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What is multiple sclerosis?
A myelinoclastic disease where myelin is attacked and degraded, reducing function of myelinated neurons.
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What are the four lobes of the forebrain?
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal.
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What are the main functions of the hypothalamus?
Regulation of homeostasis; osmotic pressure, glucose levels, hormone levels, temperature.
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What are the main functions of the medulla oblongata?
Control of cardiovascular and respiratory rhythm, force of heartbeat, sneezing/coughing.
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there (excluding the terminal nerves)?
12
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What is the name, function and type (motor, sensory or both), of cranial nerve V?
Trigeminal nerve. Responsible for pain and chewing movements. Both.
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What is the name, function and type (motor, sensory or both), of cranial nerve I?
Olfactory nerve. Responsible for sense of smell. Sensory.
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What is the name, function and type (motor, sensory or both), of cranial nerve III?
Oculomotor nerve. Responsible for eyeball and upper eyelid movement. Motor.
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What is the name, function and type (motor, sensory or both), of cranial nerve XII?
Hypoglossal nerve. Responsible for tongue movements. Motor.
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What is the name, function and type (motor, sensory or both), of cranial nerve IX?
Glossopharyngeal nerve. Responsible for taste, salivation and swallowing. Both.
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What is the name, function and type (motor, sensory or both), of cranial nerve IV?
Trochlear nerve. Responsible for eyeball movement. Motor.
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What is the name, function and type (motor, sensory or both), of cranial nerve VI?
Abducens nerve. Responsible for eyeball movement. Motor.
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What is the name, function and type (motor, sensory or both), of cranial nerve VII?
Facial nerve. Responsible for taste, facial, scalp and neck movement (expression), lacrimation, salivation and secretion of nasal mucus. Both.
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What is the name, function and type (motor, sensory or both), of cranial nerve X?
Vagus nerve. Responsible for heart rate, GI peristalsis and speech. Both.
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What is the name, function and type (motor, sensory or both), of cranial nerve II?
Optic nerve. Responsible for vision. Sensory.
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What is the name, function and type (motor, sensory or both), of cranial nerve VIII?
Vestibulocochlear nerve. Responsible for balance and hearing. Sensory.
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What is the name, function and type (motor, sensory or both), of cranial nerve XI?
Accessory nerve. Responsible for head movements and swallowing. Motor.
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Which cranial nerves emerge from the cerebrum?
I (olfactory) and II (optic)
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Which cranial nerves emerge from the midbrain?
III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)
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Which cranial nerves emerge from the pons?
V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), VII (facial) and VIII (vestibulocochlear)
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Which cranial nerves emerge through the medulla?
IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (accessory) and XII (hypoglossal)
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the normal intracellular concentration of Na+?
Back
~15 mM
Card 3
Front
What is the normal intracellular concentration of Ca2+?
Back
Card 4
Front
What is the normal extracellular concentration of K+?
Back
Card 5
Front
What is the normal extracellular concentration of Na+?
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