Clinical Psychology

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  • Created by: megknox
  • Created on: 10-01-19 16:17
Purpose/function of clinical diagnosis
research, clinical care, planning, understanding (naming the nameless), explanation
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Angst et al. (2005)
no clear divide between mental illness, severe mental illness and normal functioning
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Kraeplin (1896)
attempted to reclassify the confusing contemporary array of medical conditions into two broad illnesses: Dementia praecox and manic depression
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Eugene Bleuler (1950)
related group of conditions - the group of Schizophrenia's, which included dementia praecox
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what does Kraeplin's approach assume?
symptoms covary and are part of a syndrome with a common aetiology and course - similar to physical illness
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Kraeplin's Symptoms do what?
set of symptoms collapse together to reveal syndromes
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examples of Kraeplin's symptoms
anxiety, depression, delusions, hallucinations, child abuse, murder, theft, homosexual urges
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Kraeplin's Syndromes
panic disorder. depression. Sz. sociopathic disorder. bipolar disoder
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What are the 2 main classification systems?
ICD-10 and DSM-5
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What does ICD stand for?
International Classification of Diseases
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What does DSM stand for?
Diagnostic and Statistical Mannual
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What is it worth commenting on?
the fact we can reliably identify a phenomenon does not make diagnosis valid
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Reliability
consistency in diagnosis - people agree on the same diagnosis for the same symptoms
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What was found in the 1930s and 1940s?
a significant difference was observed between the Sz diagnosis rates in the UK compared to USA
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why was a difference in Sz diagnosis found?
the term Sz was being used in different ways in different places, this led to poor statistical reliability of Sz
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what % of differences in Sz diagnosis was due to poor measurement (reliability) of symptoms
only 32%
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what % of differences in Sz diagnosis was due to unclear criteria? (validity)
63%
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Beck et al. (1962)
clinicians often disagreed on diagnosis & diagnosis practices also differed from country to country
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Sources of error
can lead to unreliable diagnosis - different raters, examination may be different, different patients, different systems of names and styles of reporting
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Validity
measuring what you intend to measure - statistically meaningful
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Predictive Validity
diagnosis should predict the course/outcome of psychotic illnesses, should be indicative of effective treatments
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Predictive validity - problems
diagnosis fails to predict outcome of illness, does not predict response to medication
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Bannister et al. (1964)
treatments appear to often be given for reasons other than the diagnosis
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Moncrieff (1997)
responses to treatment vary (Sz and bipolar)
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Race and Culture
black people in UK = more likely to be diagnosed with a mental illness and be detained in secure hospitals
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People from what background receive more medical and physical treatments and less psych-based, e.g. counselling, treatments?
ethnic minority groups
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Cultural Differences
experiences, e.g. hallucinations, can be seen as spiritually enriching in some cultures
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Huge diversity in what?
huge diversity in what is deemed an appropriate expression of distress in different cultures
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Cochrane & Sashidharan (1995)
diagnostic systems label behaviours as problems because they differ from what is normal in white, western, male, middle-class society
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meaning of Diagnosis - in society
common terms used in everyday language (lay beliefs) differ from professional terms/meanings, negative connotations increase over time
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Lewandowski (2000)
professionals have internalised stereotyped conceptualisations
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Practical Consequences of Being Diagnosed
Avoidance of others, harsh treatment, less likely to get a job, loss of rights
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Mehta & Farina (1997)
ppts gave more electric shocks to individuals whose problem was due to mental illness than due to childhood events
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Psychological Effects of being diagosed
hopelessness, decreased confidence, self-fulfilling prophecy, decreased ownership of experiences
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Effects of diagnosis on Professionals and Services
promotes 'us' and 'them' thinking, narrow understanding of people's problems, does not see people as able to change, narrows focus of research
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Gemma Parker
multidimensional Scaling to investigate dimensions within classification
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Formulation
a hypothesis about the nature of the psychological difficulty underlying the problems on the patient's problem list
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application of formulation 1
collect information to understand client's difficulties, highlight areas which change may be possible
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application of formulation 2
assess level of severity to assess impact of interventions
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application of formulation 3
inform client about psychological approach(es) to be used in therapy
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

no clear divide between mental illness, severe mental illness and normal functioning

Back

Angst et al. (2005)

Card 3

Front

attempted to reclassify the confusing contemporary array of medical conditions into two broad illnesses: Dementia praecox and manic depression

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

related group of conditions - the group of Schizophrenia's, which included dementia praecox

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

symptoms covary and are part of a syndrome with a common aetiology and course - similar to physical illness

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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