Classification and evolution

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What is the importance of classification?
Helps the study and referencing of organisms/reveals natural evolutionary relationships/helps identify newly discovered organisms/forms basis of international system of nomenclature
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What is a taxon?
A group within the biological classification system- e.g. kingdom, phylum
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Define Classification
The process of sorting s variety of items into manageable groups
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What does the phylum chordata signify?
That all organisms within this phylum have a backbone
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When writing the binomial name of a species how should the test be written?
either in italics or underlined
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What was the first classification system (devised by Carl Linnaeus) based on?
Observable features-appearance and anatomy
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What was wrong with Linnaeus' system?
It would state that birds were more closely related to butterflies than to reptiles, just because they both fly, which isn't true
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What is phylogeny?
The study of how closely different species are related to each other
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Why is Cytochrome C present in all organisms?
It is a protein used in respiration
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How does Ctyochrome C analysis help with classification?
The more similar the Cytochrome C sequence of two organisms is the more closely related they are
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What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria, Archea and eukaryotae
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What were the onservations of Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace?
1)Organisms overproduce 2)population no.s remain fairly constant over long periods of time 3)Organsims within a species vary 4)Some variations are inherited
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What did Darwin deduce from his observations?
1) there is 'struggle for existence/competition for survival 2)individuals with advatageous characteritics are more likely to survive and reproduce 3)if characteristics can be inhertied they will be passed on to their offspring
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What is interspecific variation?
Variation between species
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What is intraspecific variation?
Varaiation within a species
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How does sexual reproduction contribute to variation?
1)different mix of random alleles in each gamete produced through meiosis 2) Random fusion of gametes at fertilisation
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How can a completely new allele be made?
through mutation of a nucleotide sequence
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Discontinuous variation is usually caused by...?
Genes
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What is an anatomical adaptation?
adaptation of PHYSICAL features i.e structural
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What is a physiological adaptation?
An adaptation od a process which takes place inside an organism
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What is the third type of adaptation?
Behavioural adaptation
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Give three examples of Physiological adaptations
Poison production/water holding e.g. cacti/temperature regulation
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Give an example of an anatomical adaptation
Body covering- e.g. birds have feathers, polar bears have thick hair, spikes on plants deter herbivores
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Give three examples of behavioural adaptations.
Survival behaviours e.g. possum plays dead/Courtship e.g scorpions perfom a dance to attract partner/Seasonal behaviours e.g. migration and hibernation
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Why is it incorrect to say that bacteria have become immune to antibiotics
Immunity involves antibody production from white blood cells bacteria are unicellular so don't contain other types of cells and so can't have an immune response
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What does penicillin do?
Prevents the growth of bacterial cell walls
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How did staphylococcus mutate to become resistant to peniccillin?
Began to produce an enzyme called pecinillase which made the penicillin inactive
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Why do plants exhibit more envionmental variation than animals?
Their lack of mobility makes them susceptible to changes in the envrionment
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What is the colour of your skin defined by?
How much melanin it contains- defined by genes at birth but if you expose yourself to sun your body will produce more melanin and your skin will go darker
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Why do so many changes occure to your body during puberty?
Because many genes are becoming active for the first time
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What is a selection pressure?
A factor which affects an organisms chance of survival or reproductive success
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Give three examples of selection pressures.
Predation/ Competition (for mates and resources)/ Disease
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Why can an insecticide be described as a very strong selection pressure?
Because if an individual insect is susceptible it will certainly die
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How come resistance can spread through a population of bacteria very rapidly?
Becuase although evolution takes place over many generations, bacteria reproduce very rapidly
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Why can pesticides accumulate in the food chain?
Because the resistant insects may be eaten by their predators, the predators receive a larger dose of the insecticide, this process can continue all the way up the food chain
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What are the challenges farmers face when insects are resistant to multiple pesticides?
It takes time to figure out which pesticide will kill them- crop could be destroyed in that time/Famrers may resort to using broader pesticides but these kill beneficial insects too.
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What is DDT?
An insecticide which binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane of certian cells in insects. It was used to kill malaria carrying mosquitoes during WW2. No longer effective as mosquitoes have changed the shape of the recceptor.
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Why has DDT been banned in many areas?
Due to increasing resistance and the fact that DDT doesn't break down and so accumulates in the food chain. It accumulates in fat tissue and has been found in almost all organisms even those in the poles
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What does MRSA stand for?
Meticillin-Resistant-Staphylococcus Aureus
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What is pre-adaptation?
When an organism's existing habit is advantageous for a new situation
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What are the costs and benefits of pre-adaptations to scienctists and to society?
It can allow resistance to spread extremely fast through a population. However, it may help researchers predict potential insecticde resistance in the future.
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Why are the flavobacterium which digest Nylon 6 beneficial to humans?
Because they digest facotry waste (e.g. from toothrushes and violin strings) so it doesn't leach into the wider ecosystem.
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Why did the flavobacterium evolve to be able to digest nylon 6?
Becuase it was a potenital alternative food source which was readily available, and so provided them with an opportunity
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What is a frame-shift mutation?
An insertion or deletion of DNA bases that causes the genetic code to be read incorrectly
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is a taxon?

Back

A group within the biological classification system- e.g. kingdom, phylum

Card 3

Front

Define Classification

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does the phylum chordata signify?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

When writing the binomial name of a species how should the test be written?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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