Class differences in educational attainment

?
  • Created by: Kathryn
  • Created on: 20-04-13 16:40
Define external Factors
Factors/things in society that infulence education
1 of 45
Define Cultural Deprivation
A theory that says W/C culture has problems which cause children to fail
2 of 45
Define Restricted Code and who was the theorist who made this terminology?
Language that is limited and poor --> mainly used by W/C families. Basil Bernstein (1975)
3 of 45
Define Elaborate code and who was the theorist who made this terminology?
Language which is more complex --> mainly used by M/C families. Basil Bernstein (1975)
4 of 45
Define subculture
A separate group in society that have their own attitudes and values.
5 of 45
Define Material Deprivation
It means poverty - a lack of material necessities such as money and housing.
6 of 45
Define Selection by mortgage
Wealthier parents can afford to buy houses in the catchment area of good schools.
7 of 45
How many GCSE's do M/C children achieve compared to W/C children?
M/C = 3/4 achieve 5A* - C's W/C = 1/3 achieve 5A*-C's
8 of 45
How many M/C students go onto higher education compared to unskilled manual children?
M/C = 80% Unskilled manual = 15%
9 of 45
What are the two main areas that cause M/C students to out perform W/C students?
1) Issues in wider society 2) Issues in schools
10 of 45
What are the issues in wider society?
1) Cultural Deprivation 2) Material Deprivation 3) Cultural capital
11 of 45
What do cultural deprivation theorists say are the three main causes of W/C underachievement?
1) Intellectual development 2) Language 3) Attitudes and values
12 of 45
What do cultural depravationalists argue about intellectual development?
Argue W/C homes lack books, educational toys and activities thus don't develop intellectual skills needed to progress
13 of 45
Who are the two main theorists for intellectual development and what are their theories?
Douglas (1964)- W/c = lower on tests --> lack of educational toys in home. Bernstein & Young (1967) Types of toys influence achievement ---> M/C mothers choose more stimulating toys
14 of 45
Bernstein (1975) argued the difference in language disadvantaged the W/C because?
Teachers books and exams use elaborate code ---> makes W/C kids feel education isn't fr them. M/C kids feel at home in school.
15 of 45
What did Douglas (1964) conclude about the attitutes and values of the W/C?
They placed less value on education, less encouragement , visited school less etc.
16 of 45
What did Leon Feinstein (1998) conclude about the attitudes and values of the W/C?
Main reason for W/c underachievement = parents lack of interest ---> more important than money problems. M/C children = necessary motivation, discipline and support.
17 of 45
What do cultural deprivationalists believe about the W/C subculture?
That they have very different attitudes, values and goals to main stream society.
18 of 45
What did Herbert Hyman (1967) conclude about the attitudes and values of the W/C?
Values and beliefs of W/C subculture act as a barrier to W/C achievement. See no point in educaion - value manual work.
19 of 45
How many features did Sugarman (1970) say the W/C subculture had andwhat are they?
1) Fatalism - can't change position through education 2) Collectivism - held back by group loyalties. 3) Immediate gratification - seeking pleasure now. M/C = differed gratification 4) Present-Time Orientation
20 of 45
Why did Sugarman believe the W/C had these views?
M/C jobs = secure - offers prospect for promotion W/C jobs = less secure - no chance to suggest
21 of 45
What's the evidence for material deprivation?
In 2006 - Free school meal students = 33% 5xA*-C GCSEs Non free school meal students = 61% 5xA*-C GCSEs
22 of 45
What did Jan Flaherty (2004) claim was the main reason for non-attendance at school?
Money problems - Nearly 90% of failing schools are in deprived areas
23 of 45
What do the material depravtionalists claim are the three main reasons for W/C underachievement?
1) Housing 2) Diet and Health 3) Finance
24 of 45
How does poor housing affect pupil's underachievement?
Overcrowding - harder to study etc. Affects young children as don't have space to explore & develop. Temporary accomodation means distrupted education, psychological stress etc
25 of 45
What did Marilyn Howard (2001) argue about how diet and health affect educational achievement?
Poorer homes have: lower intakes of energy, vitamins --> weakens immune system - leads to absence
26 of 45
What did Wilkinson (1996) believe about the behaviour of a child who was of a lower class?
More anxious, hyper and had more behavioural problems.
27 of 45
What do material deprivationalists believe a lack of finance leads to?
Do without equipment and miss out on educational experiences.
28 of 45
Who is the main theorist for financial deprivation and what year did she carry out her research?
Tess Ridge (2002) --> hand me down clothes lead to bullying. 20% of children who could claim free school meals don't due to the stigma attactched to it
29 of 45
What is Pierre Bourdieu's theory?
Pierre Bourdieu (1984) argued material and cultural factors are inter-related.
30 of 45
What did Pierred Bourdieu argue the main 3 influences were for underachievement?
Economic Capital - money wealth. Educational capital - where the parents have been educated thus no how education system works. Cultural capital - Knowledge. attitudes, values etc of M/C who pass them onto their children.
31 of 45
Bourdieu's capital theory advantages M/C students because?
Provides them with skills that give them a head start in lessons - teachers value their cultural capital
32 of 45
Bourdieu's capital theory disadvantages W/C students because?
School devalues their culture as 'rough'. Makes them feel education isn't for them.
33 of 45
Why can economic capital be turned into educational capital?
Children can be sent to private schools or given extra help.
34 of 45
What was Campos and Leeches theory and in what year did they carry out their research?
2003. Found wealthier parents could buy houses in the catchemnt of good schools thus raising the house prices in that area - excluding W/C parents. Calls it 'selection by mortgage'.
35 of 45
What are the two main internal factors argued as causing W/C underachievement>
Marketisation and selection policies, Labelling
36 of 45
Describe one Study and state the conclusions about labelling in secondary schools.
Becker (1971) Study: Interviewed 60 chicago secondary school teachers. Findings: - Teachers judged pupils on how closely they fitted their image of an 'ideal pupil'. Ideal pupil = M/C students
37 of 45
Describe one study and state the conclusions about labelling in primary schools?
Rist (1970) Study: Interviewed and observed teachers. Findings: - Teachers labelled students by appearance not ability. - Neat, M/C kids seen as brighter even when no evidence. W/C students given easier books and allowed to play more.
38 of 45
Describe one study and state the conclusions about High and low status knowledge.
Gillborn & Youdell (2001) Findings: W/C and black kids seen as having lower ability thus entered for lower tier and less exams --> kept at bottom of system.
39 of 45
Define Self-fulfilling prophecy.
A prediction that comes true, if a student is labelled distruptive they go on to become distruptive.
40 of 45
What were Douglas' findings about streaming and the self-fulfilling prophecy?
- Children placed in a lower stream at age 8 = IQ score declined by 11. Children placed in higher stream age 8 = IQ score increased by age 11 - better self image
41 of 45
Define Marketisation
Where schools promote themselves to parents e.g open evenings
42 of 45
Define selection
How a school chooses students - usually based on ability
43 of 45
What does formula funding, exam league tables and competition create?
Schools feel pressure to select and stream the best pupils.
44 of 45
What does Bartlett (1993) think about marketisation?
It leads to popular schools. Cream-skimming = schools choose the best students who cost less to teach. Silk-skifting = weak students are off loaded onto weaker schools.
45 of 45

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define Cultural Deprivation

Back

A theory that says W/C culture has problems which cause children to fail

Card 3

Front

Define Restricted Code and who was the theorist who made this terminology?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Define Elaborate code and who was the theorist who made this terminology?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Define subculture

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Sociology resources:

See all Sociology resources »See all Education resources »