Class differences in norms and values (socialisation, attitudes to education, speech codes etc)
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What are Material factors? (Give an example)
Physical necessities of life (adequate housing, diet and income)
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What do Cultural deprivation theorists see 3 factors responsible for w/c under-achievement?
Language, parents' education and working-class subculture
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Why might w/c children be at a disadvantage going into school? (toys and activities)
Their parents are less likely to give their children educational toys, practise brain-stimulating skills or read to them. But m/c parents would = w/c disadvantaged
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Which code do the w/c use? (Bernstein)
Restricted code
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What is typical of the restricted code?
less analytic, more descriptive, limited vocabulary, simple sentences, more gestures
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What code do the m/c use? (Bernstein)
Elaborated code
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What is typical of the elaborated code?
more analytic, wide vocabulary, complex sentences, spell out their meanings explicitly
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Why would people who use the restricted code be at a disadvantage?
The elaborated code is uses in education, by teachers, exams, textbooks. Giving middle class an advantage.
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Who argues that the parent's own education is the most important factor affecting children's achievement?
Feinstein
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What is the typical parenting style of a m/c child?
consistent discipline, high expectations, active learning and exploration
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What is the typical parenting style of a w/c child? (what would this lead to?)
inconsistent discipline, meaning poorer motivation and problems interacting with teachers
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Why does parents' language effect education?
The way parents communicate affects children's cognitive development
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What are the three aspects of the working-class subculture?
Immediate gratification, Fatalism, Low value on education
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What is immediate gratification?
Wanting rewards now rather than being wiling to make sacrifices and working for future rewards
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What is fatalism?
A belief that 'whatever will be, will be'. w/c children don't think they can improve their position through their own efforts
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What is low value on education?
Hyman argues the working class don't value education (and don't believe they'll benefit from it)
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What could be some criticisms of deprivation theory?
Ignores the importance of material factors like poverty, ignores the impact of schools, blames the victim for their failure
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What are three examples of material deprivation?
poor housing, poor diet, low income
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Bourdieu argues m/c pupils are more successful than w/c. What are the two capitals to blame for this?
Economic and cultural
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What school factors are to blame for underachievement?
labelling, self fulfilling prophecy, streaming and pupil subcultures
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What are labels? (Who argues them?)
meanings or definitions we attach to someone e.g.. 'bright', 'motivated''
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What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?
A prediction made about something or someone that then becomes true because it has been made: 'he's bound to fail... goes on to fail'
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What is streaming?
Putting all pupils with the same 'label' in the same class or 'stream' them. e.g., clever kids go into top classes, 'thick' ones int he bottom ones.
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Which sociologist describes streaming as 'differentiation'?
Lacey
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What is a pupil subculture?
Pro-school - usually m/c, accept school's values, respect teachers and do well. anti school subcultures - reject school's values, dislike school, sabotage school life.
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What did Ingram find about 'fitting in'?
grammar school boys found this half, they experiences tension between their neighbourhood and their m/c school.
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What Evans find about self-exclusion from success?
successful w/c girls faced hidden barriers, their identity would not fit in with elite universities
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are Material factors? (Give an example)
Back
Physical necessities of life (adequate housing, diet and income)
Card 3
Front
What do Cultural deprivation theorists see 3 factors responsible for w/c under-achievement?
Back
Card 4
Front
Why might w/c children be at a disadvantage going into school? (toys and activities)
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