Civil rights protests: later southern campaigns 1963-1965

?
  • Created by: emma why
  • Created on: 28-03-14 11:32
When was the Birmingham campaign?
1963
1 of 103
What did the Birmingham campaign focus on?
Segregation and unequal opportunities
2 of 103
Why did King choose Birmingham?
SCLC had to demonstrate it could be dynamic
3 of 103
Why did the SCLC have to be dynamic?
Increasing attractiveness of black nationalism and the competition between civil rights movement
4 of 103
Were SNCC and the NAACP active in Birmingham?
Were relatively inactive in Birmingham
5 of 103
Where did King's brother work as a pastor?
Birmingham
6 of 103
What did King expect to find in Birmingham?
Fewer black divisions and felt that white divisions present were promising
7 of 103
Why were white divisions in Birmingham promising of a result?
Businessmen that felt racism held city back while extremists had recently castrated a ***** ad campaigned to stop ***** music playing on white radio stations
8 of 103
Why was extremism in Birmingham as well as strong racism important to a campaign?
Could be expected to display necessary violent white opposition
9 of 103
What did King describe Birmingham as?
America's "worst big city" for racism
10 of 103
What was King impatient with?
Kennedy administration's inactivity
11 of 103
What had shown that violence forced federal intervention?
Freedom Rides
12 of 103
Who were the key figures in Birmingham?
King (and the SCLC) and Bull Connor
13 of 103
What was the full title of 'Bull' Connor?
Birmingham's Public Safety Commissioner
14 of 103
What was the importance of 'Bull' Connor before Birmingham?
Had previously clashed with Eleanor Roosevelt and had ensured that Freedom Riders under attack were not given protection by his police
15 of 103
What was a miscalculation by King?
SCLC failed to recruit enough local demonstrators
16 of 103
Why did SCLC fail to recruit enough local demonstrators?
Local SCLC leader was unpopular
17 of 103
What did many blacks in Birmingham feel made action unnecessary?
Recent electoral defeat of Connor
18 of 103
How did SCLC give the impression of mass action, encouraging onlookers to participate?
Used demonstrators in areas where there were lots of blacks
19 of 103
Why did King defy an injunction by marching?
Knew his arrest would bring further national attention
20 of 103
How did the SCLC eventually mobilise people due to difficulty?
Black school children as young as six
21 of 103
What was the issue with the SCLC's use of black school children?
Aside from concerns over morality, there was legal opposition
22 of 103
How many young marchers were in custody in Birmingham?
500
23 of 103
How did Eugene 'Bull' Connor respond to demonstrators?
His police and dogs turned on demonstrators. His hoses tore clothes off of students' backs
24 of 103
What was the result for the SCLC of tehir involvemett?
SCLC "filled the jails"
25 of 103
Who did a leading SCLC official thank for his violent response?
Connor
26 of 103
What happened after a deal was reached to improve the situation?
Eugene Connor's KKK friends tried to sabotage, bombing King's brothers' home as well as King's motel room
27 of 103
What happened in black riots that served to detract from the message?
Policeman stabbed
28 of 103
What did King do when educational conservatives tried to derail possible settlement by expelling 1100 students for skipping school to demonstrate?
Urged locals not to call for a total school and business boycott but rather turn to the courts
29 of 103
Why was King released from jail in Birmignham?
Coretta King called President Kennedy
30 of 103
What did Kennedy claim about the chaos in Birmingham?
It was "damaging the reputation" of Birmingham and US
31 of 103
Who commanded state troopers to disappear from guarding King's motel shortly before explosion?
Friend of Connor as well as the Alabama racist Governor George Wallace
32 of 103
What provoked the Birmingham riot of 1963?
Provoked by bombings targeted at leaders of the Birmingham campaign on May 11th
33 of 103
What did Kennedy fear regarding the police stabbing?
Could lead to national violence
34 of 103
What did JFK urge his brother, the Attorney General, to do?
Protect the Birmingham agreement
35 of 103
What did a federal judge do for the students who had been expelled for skipping class to march?
A reinstatement to school
36 of 103
What was King's role in Birmignham?
Instigator, in jail was kept in solitary confinement and not allowed private meetings with his lawyer, Letter from Birmingham Jail
37 of 103
What did King write the Letter from Birmingham Jail on?
Partly on prison toilet paper
38 of 103
When was the first time that King really led the civil rights movement?
Birmingham in 1963
39 of 103
How can the SCLC be shown to have manipulated the situation?
Correctly assessed how Connor would react and how the media would depict actions
40 of 103
Did much change in Birmingham because of events there?
Little changed but showed Southern segregation was unpleasant
41 of 103
As a result of Birmingham, what did the SCLC receive?
Extra donatiosn
42 of 103
What did the Kennedy administration admt regarding Birmingham?
Was crucial in persuading them to push the bill that became the 1964 Civil Rights Act
43 of 103
What inspired the protests in summer 1963 across teh South?
Birmingham
44 of 103
What did King recognise regarding non-violent protest?
It makes people inflict violence upon you
45 of 103
Critics accused King of hypocrisy. What is an example of this?
"He marches for peace one day, and then the very next day threatens actions we think are coldly calculated to bring violent responses."
46 of 103
When was the March on Washington?
23 August 1963
47 of 103
What was the March on Washington's aim?
Encourage passage of civil rights bill and for executive action to reduce black unemployment
48 of 103
Initially who were unsupportive of the idea of march on Washington?
Roy Wilkins and JFK
49 of 103
Who was Roy Wilkins?
NAACP activist
50 of 103
What did King feel the March would do?
Help maintain morale and show the effectiveness of non-violent protest
51 of 103
What were the fears regarding non-violent protest?
that it was becoming less popular
52 of 103
Was the March on Washington a success?
Yes
53 of 103
What was the demographic make up of the crowd of 250,000 at the march on Washington?
Predominantly middle class and 1/4were white
54 of 103
How did King appeal to whites during the March on Washington?
Through references to the Declaration of Independence and the Bible
55 of 103
When was the first time that the major civil rights leaders collaborated nationally?
Birmingham
56 of 103
Which civil rights groups worked together in Birmingham?
SNCC, NAACP, SCLC and CORE
57 of 103
On what scale did the TV and media cover the March on Washington and what did they show?
Globally - showing the I have a Dream Speech
58 of 103
After Washington what had King become?
An undoubted leader as had been in an action in which morality could not be questioned
59 of 103
When did King receive a Nobel Peace Prize?
After Washington
60 of 103
Partially as a result of Washington, what was passed in 1964?
Civil Rights laws
61 of 103
What is a key quote from the I have a dream speech which can be used to show the unconstitutional nature of de jure racism?
I have a dream thak me day this nation will rise up, live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-erident, that all men are created equal."
62 of 103
What happened after Washington that was sads?
Co-operation does not last
63 of 103
What happened after Washington regarding SNCC?
They began to radicalise
64 of 103
What do historians disagree on regarding the March on Washington?
The extent to which the emotional impact helped pass legislation
65 of 103
Although many contemporaries were thrilled by the March on Washington, what was the view of the New York Times?
Congress was unmoved
66 of 103
What happened soon after Washington?
Birmingham in September 1963
67 of 103
Had much been changed initially by March on Washington?
NO. Abomb killed 4 young black girls attending Sunday school with 3 whites arrested then released on lack of evidence. Black riots - policeman shot black youth
68 of 103
What did President Johnson use John F Kennedy's assassination to do?
Help push through legislation
69 of 103
What happened after the March in Mississippi?
Voting rights campaigns
70 of 103
What happened in Mississippi in 1964?
Mississippi Freedom Summer
71 of 103
What was Freedom Summer?
The summer 1964 campaign by SNCC designed to get blacks in Mississippi to vote
72 of 103
In 1960 what percentage of blacks in Mississippi could vote?
5.2%
73 of 103
What was the average percentage of blacks who could vote in the South in 1960?
Over 30%
74 of 103
Although half of Mississippi black, when was the last elected black official (backwards from 1964)?
1877
75 of 103
What was the political status of Mississippi blacks?
Politically powerless
76 of 103
What proportion more did Mississippi spend on white students compared to black students?
3x more
77 of 103
What percentage of Mississippi blacks were illiterate?
70%
78 of 103
How many black doctors were there in Mississippi around 1964?
6
79 of 103
A black baby was twice as likely to what as a white baby in Mississippi?
DIE.
80 of 103
How many black Mississippians had migrated north?
500,000
81 of 103
In 1961 what had NAACP activists done in Mississippi because they were increasingly being victimised?
Called on help from SNCC, knowing that their white volunteers would draw media attention
82 of 103
In Mississippi what level did SNCC operate on, establishing Freedom Schools?
Community level
83 of 103
What did Freedom Schools do?
Educate would-be voters and get ethm to register
84 of 103
How did the local poorer black population respond to Freedom Schools?
Responded well
85 of 103
What was the risk for SNCC workers during the Mississippi Freedom Summer campaign?
Lived in fear of white extremists and were unprotected.
86 of 103
When did SNCC organise a mock election for blacks, known as Freedom Vote?
November 1963
87 of 103
When did SNCC organise a voter registration drive (the Mississippi Summer Project)?
1964 in the Freedom Summer
88 of 103
What was the predominant race among the Northern volunteers who came to Mississippi?
White
89 of 103
What caused America to take notice of Missouri?
Three activists, including two white, murdered by segregationalists
90 of 103
In Mississippi what group were police chiefs members of?
Ku Klux Klan
91 of 103
Aside from Freedom Summer, what did SNCC also organise?
MFDP delegation to hthe Democratic National Conference of Autumn 1964
92 of 103
What was MFDP?
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
93 of 103
Although the experience of the MFDP at the conference was disappointing, what was achieved?
Politicised many poor black people, especially women, in teh state
94 of 103
What became clear from the fact that the MFDP did not get to deliver speech at the conference?
Democrats racist
95 of 103
Why did SNCC become disillusioned?
Due to lack of federal protection
96 of 103
What was a result of the Mississippi Freedom Summer?
SNCC more militant, contributing to the disintegration of civil rights coalition
97 of 103
Why was Martin Luther King not involved in Mississippi?
NAACP thought too risky
98 of 103
What convincec SNCC that middle class religious black thinking was not the way forward?
Freedom Summer
99 of 103
What was the significance of the creation of the MFDP?
Developed grassroots leaders and brought suffering to national attention
100 of 103
What was the success of Freedom Summer?
More blacks voting
101 of 103
What was a crucial event in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer?
The fact that two of the activists killed were white -0 white killing whites
102 of 103
What was the impact of Freedom Summer on SNCC?
Increase in importance, becomes political and sees teh limits of non-violence. Know that their methods can work.
103 of 103

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What did the Birmingham campaign focus on?

Back

Segregation and unequal opportunities

Card 3

Front

Why did King choose Birmingham?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Why did the SCLC have to be dynamic?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Were SNCC and the NAACP active in Birmingham?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar History resources:

See all History resources »See all America - 19th and 20th century resources »