CHINA PRECISE EVIDENCE

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When was the Chinese depression and bumper harvest?
Depression 1931-1935, bumper harvest - 1936
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When did the Japanese present the Chinese with the 21 demands?
January 1915
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When did Japanese junior officers provoke an attack with authorisation in order to provide context for a full scale military attack on Manchuria?
September 1931
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Where and why did the Japanese launch an attack in 1932?
Shanghai, in response to the Chinese boycotting Japanese goods
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When did Chiang Kai-shek become leader of the GMD?
1925
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Where did Chiang Kai-shek train?
Whampoa Military Academy. Here, he trained a proffesional corps of officers who became loyal to him
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Chiang Kai-sheks second marraige was when? How did he benefit?
1927 - he married Soong Mei-ling. Links to the USA, links to political and businss elite of Shanghai.
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The GMD did not have a popular mandate to rule. Which groups did it have support from?
In the cities, those with business interests supported the GMD. In the countryside, landowners supported the GMD. The GMD also had support from gangsters, due to deals made by Chaing Kai-shek
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Name 3 ways Chaing Kai-shek consolidated his power
1) Commander-in-chief of NRA, and Chairman of National Military Council. 2) Chairman of State Council. 3)Created secret police - Military Bureau of Statistics
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How did Chaing control political and cultural life of China?
Censorship of press, books, and the cinema, radicalisation supressed. (1934-35 -hundereds of student protestors shot dead by police)
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What part of China did Chaing Kai-shek NOT control by 1936?
Manchuria - controlled by the Japanese
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Sun Yat-sens Three Principles adopted by Chiang Kai-shek?
NATIONALISM-A militarily and economically independent China, DEMOCRACY- a long-term aim of national freedom (NOT individual freedom (unlike Western democracy)), PEOPLE'S LIVELIHOOD-Chiang only gave vague ideas on land and tax reform
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What were 'unequal treaties'?
Treaties that allowed the Japanese and Western powers to exploit China unfairly
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When was the CCP founded?
July 1921
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Who did the CCP look to for guidance?
Russian Communists - wanted CCP to follow Comintern, but also funded the GMD and Whompoa military academy
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When and why did the First United Front form?
In 1923, the USSR ordered the CCP to join the GMD and operate a small soviet-bloc from within it.
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Where did Chaing Kai-shek launch an attack on the CCP in 1927?
Shanghai
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When and where was the Long March?
From Jangxi-Ya'nan between 1934-35 as a result of GMD attacks on the CCP. Only 5000 CCP members reached Ya'nan
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What were the 'power struggles' in the CCP?
POLITICAL STRUGGLE - Comintern vs Independent CCP. IDEOLOGICAL STRUGGLE - Orthodox Marxism vs Interpreted Marxism for China
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Who were the orthodox communists led by?
The Twenty-Eight Bolsheviks
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What was Mao Chairman of in 1936?
Chairman of the CCP's Military Council, and Chairman of the Politburo
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Who was Zhou Enlai?
Vice Chairman of the CCP in Yanan in 1935 - formed alliance with Mao, strengthening Mao's position in 1936
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When did Mao launch the rectification campaign, and what was it?
Purges of the CCP, launched in 1942. Ending in 1943, it ensured that Mao Zedong Thought was the official ideology of the CCP
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7 main ideas of Mao Zedong Thought?
1) the importance of the peasants as a revolutionary class, 2) national self-reliance, 3) continuing revolution, 4) class struggle, 5) learning from the people, 6) mass mobilisation, 7) a national revolution
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What percentage of the population were industrial workers in the 1920's and why was this important?
1%, and they were too small to revolt, so Mao saw the peasants as the revolutionary class
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Why did Mao believe that the CCP should be periodically purged?
To ensure if did not become a ruling class, and would always be apart of the people it would serve
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When did the CCP enforce a radical land reform policy?
1930's - confiscating land and killing landlords. In 1937, during the Second United Front, the CCP adopted more reasonable methods, however, returned to radical ways after the breakdown of the front
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Aspects of the CCP social reform?
Ending arranged marriages, giving women freedom of choice and economic opportunity, improving literacy amoung peasants
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What was the Marco Polo Bridge incident and when did it occur?
7th July 1937 - 1 Japanese soldier went missing, so the Japanese launched a full-scale military attack on the Chinese, sparking the Sino-Japanese war
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What was the Xian Incident and when did it occur?
1936 - GMD commander in Xian, Zhang Xueliang captured Chaing Kai-shek under the orders of the CCP, and forced him to agree to a Second United Front with the CCP against the Japanese
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Features of the 1937 Second United Front agreement?
1) CCP military would be controlled by the NRA (this never happened), 2)GMD would cease attacks on CCP, 3)CCP would recieve financial support from central government, 4)GMD would end political repression of CCP, 5)NPCC would form
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What was the NPCC?
National Political Consultative Council - 200 members, of which 120 would be from the CCP and other political parties. However, the NPCC had little power, and Chaing retained his autocratic rule of China
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When was Nanjing captured by the Japanese, and where did Chiang move the capital to?
January 1938 - capital moved to Wuhan
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When was Wuhan captured, and where did Chaing move the capital to?
October 1938 - capital moved to Chongquin, in the Yangzi region
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Who led the Communist forces in 1940?
Peng Duhai and Zhu De
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When did the CCP launch the Hundred Regiments Offensive against the Japanese?
August 1940
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How many soldiers did each side lose in the Hundred Regiments Offensive?
CCP - 22,000, Japanese - between 3000 and 4000
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When did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbour?
December 1941. This meant the USA formed an alliance with the GMD against Japan
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How long did the Japanese war last?
8 years - 1937-45
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What was the Ichigo Offensive?
Japanese attmepts to capture USA bases in China in April 1944
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What did the Japanese surrender?
15th August 1945
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When and how did Chiang Kai-shek break the Second United Front?
Via the New Fourth Army attacks on the CCP in Januray 1941
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Who was Patrick Hurley?
American Ambassador for China - attempted to mediate between the CCP and GMD in November 1944
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When and why did the NRA destroy dykes in the Yellow River, and what where the consequences
When retreating from the Japanese in 1938, in order to slow the Japanese down. This caused a deastating flood, destorying 1.4million acres of farmland
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In the Sino-Jaapanese war, how many died?
3-4million Chinese soldiers, and 10-20million civilians
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What was CCP membership at the end of 1945?
1,200,000
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When did Patrick Hurley enforce CCP/GMD peace talks
28th August 1945
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What were the features of the October 1945 agreement?
Democratic politics, release of political prisoners, unified military forces, elections for a national assmbly. This was not upheld
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What did Stalin delay the removal of the Red Army from Mnahcuria in April 1946?
To allow the CCP to establish a strong presence in the countryside.
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What did the USA's George Marshall do on the Marshall Mission?
Forced a ceasefire agreement in Januray 1946. This fell apart. He threatened to withhold USA aid to the GMD, so another ceasefire was signed in July. This only lasted 15 days.
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When did the civil war begin 'in earnest'?
July 1946
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How many troops did each side have?
GMD - 4,300,000 CCP - 880,000
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Who was Lin Biao?
Military commander of the CCP during the civil war
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When did Lin Biao adopt conventional war tactics?
Spring 1947
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When did the PLA capture Beijing?
January 1948
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When did the PLA capture Nanjing?
April 1948
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When did the PLA capture Shanghai?
May 1948
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Name 3 military factors in the CCP victorys
Guerilla warfare, tactical flexibility, military leadership
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Name 3 political factors in the CCP victory?
Political unity, democratic dictatorship, and peasant support
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Name a GMD military weakness?
Chiang failed to secure control of China before sending his best troops into Manchuria, and the military had corrupt and ineffiecient leadership
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Name a GMD political weakness?
Chiang Kai-shek failed to fufil the Three Principles
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In total, how much aid did the Americans give to the GMD?
$3billion
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When did financial aid from the Americans to the GMD stop?
November 1948, it was suspended by President Truman
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How many military schools did the Red Army set up in Manchuria for the CCP?
16. They also gave confiscated Japanese weapons to the PLA
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When did Mao declare the People's Republic of China?
1st October 1949
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What were the three strands in the PRC?
State bureacracy at national, regional and local levels, the CCP at national, regional and local levels, and the PLA
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When was the Political Consultative Conference to establish a new republic held?
1949. This established a national congress, but this did not meet again until 1956.
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Membership of the CCP by October 1949?
4,480,000
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What were 'party cadres'?
Members of the CCP who permeated all levels of society, ensuring that both the governmental and military systems were opperating witin accordance to the state
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When were the 'Resist American and aid Korea campaign?
1950-51
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When was the 'Supression of Counter-Revolutionaries' campaign
1950-51
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When was the 'Three-Antis' campaign?
1951-52
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When was the 'Five-Antis' campaign?
1952
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When was the 'Thought Reform' campaign?
1951-52
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How did the CCP control the people?
Propaganda, terror (labour camps), land reform
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How many died in the labour camps?
Mao set a quote for one in every thousand to be killed
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When was the Agrarian Land reform law introduced?
1950
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When did Chaing Kai-shek and the remaining GMD flee to Taiwan?
1949
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Why didn't Mao invade Taiwan?
USA seventh fleet army patrolled the coast
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When and why did war break out in Korea?
1950, after North Korean forces invaded South Korea (who were helped by the USA)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

When did the Japanese present the Chinese with the 21 demands?

Back

January 1915

Card 3

Front

When did Japanese junior officers provoke an attack with authorisation in order to provide context for a full scale military attack on Manchuria?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Where and why did the Japanese launch an attack in 1932?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

When did Chiang Kai-shek become leader of the GMD?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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