China- One Child Policy

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  • Created by: F.Brash
  • Created on: 11-05-19 18:55
Why was the population so high?
After Japanese occupation in WW2- new communist govt. wanted a larger army to fight and so encouraged popn growth.
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Why was the policy needed?
Popn grew too fast during the baby boom. By 1960s- lack of food supplies and over 25 million died of famine. Early 1970s- govt. saw another huge famine coming- low quality of life and lack of jobs- govt. lacked tax revenue needed to fund growth.
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Pre OCP
Attempt 1- early 1970s: 'later,longer,fewer' = helped, but not effective enough. Attempt 2- late 1970s: '1 is best, most 2, never 3'= again helped but not enough
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The OCP
'fewer births, quickly richer'. Couples cannot marry until late 20s, only allowed 1 child, one partner sterilised after first birth or abort future births, all pregnancies must be authorised.
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Goals
Initial: stabilise popn at 1.2bn. Revised goal: keep popn under 1.4bn until 2010. Last goal: Stabilise popn at 1.6bn by 2050.
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How was it implemented?
Reward-penalty approach
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Rewards
monthly allowances paid to families with one child, 5-10% salary rises, child's healthcare and education paid for by govt.
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Penalties
10% salary cuts, large fines, second child disallowed citizenship and had to pay for all healthcare and education, families forced to repay govt. rewards from one child
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Exemptions
Rural families were allowed 2 children if the first was a girl- due to pressure on agriculture. Ethnic minorities exempt. If parent was only child, they could have 2 children.
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Result:
suggested to have prevented 300 million births (CBR- 1950=43.8/1000 vs 2014=12/1000(HIC)). Stopped famine and reduced pressure on food supply/jobs.
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Advantages
Significant role in China's economic growth, new industries created, alleviated poverty, women had time to focus on career, heavy fines funded govt. to be spent elsewhere, incentives for people to earn enough to bend the rules- pay fines.
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Problems of the OCP: Short term
Women under pressure (were the sterilised partner 80% of time), Granny police, local govt. had power over people's lives, those who couldn't afford fines had belongings taken- forced into poverty, social divide between wealthy/poor,selective abortion
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Long term problems
Ageing population=dependancy issue (250mil 65+ by 2040), unbalanced sex ratio (119:100)=problems with society, 6 million undocumented people, 4-2-1 problem (dependency from parents/Gparents), care for elderly, 'little emperor syndrome'.
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Rural
strong desire for boys (agriculture and family name) even today, girls account for only 20% of popn in some areas, policy was relaxed in rural areas- 2 children without penalties
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urban
Easier to manage and control by govt. small apartments to encourage small families, was more effective in urban areas, less bias of males.
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Result
Differences in rural and urban areas has caused a population increase in rural areas resulting in labour surplus= migration to urban areas increased= 10% loss of farmland since 1978.
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Evaluation
prevented births and famine, and helped economic growth. Has left children in tough financial conditions (4-2-1). Easier to implement in China as it is a totalitarianism state. 2015- govt. relaxed to 2 children. Possibly ineffective- Eg. Thailand
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Why was the policy needed?

Back

Popn grew too fast during the baby boom. By 1960s- lack of food supplies and over 25 million died of famine. Early 1970s- govt. saw another huge famine coming- low quality of life and lack of jobs- govt. lacked tax revenue needed to fund growth.

Card 3

Front

Pre OCP

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

The OCP

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Goals

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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