Childhood is a distinct life stage, separate from adulthood with separate statuses. Childhood is a 'golden age' of happiness and innocence. Children need to be protected from the outside world as a result of their vulnerability.
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Wagg
Childhood isn't a naturally separate stage, but socially constructed. There is no universal childhood.
2 of 24
Punch
Found that children in rural Bolivia are expected to take on responsibilities for the community from the age of five.
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Firth
Found that the Tikopia view following an adult's instructions is a concession granted by the child rather than a right expected by the adult.
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Aries
Looked at art from the period. Argued that the idea of childhood did not exist in this period and children were expected to behave like mini-adults soon after being weaned.
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Shorter
High infant mortality rates encouraged indifference towards infants by their parents e.g. parents forgetting how many children they'd had or giving a new baby a recently dead sibling's name
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Postman
Disappearance of childhood. Destruction of the information hierarchy with the rise of technology such as television.
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Jenks
Childhood is undergoing change as society moves into postmodernity. Due to feelings of insecurity created by increasing instability of relationships, the relationship between adults and children becomes a refuge as the last stable relationship.
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De Mause
March of Progress view. Children in the past had less childcare and were much more likely to be abused, abandoned, beaten and killed throughout history compared to the modern day, where children are better protected and more highly valued.
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Palmer
Toxic childhood. Children's physical, emotional and intellectual development is stunted by technological and cultural advancements over the last 25 years e.g. junk food, computer games, increased testing in schools
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Hillman
Gender differences e.g. boys are more likely to be allowed to go out unaccompanied after dark.
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Bonke
Girls tend to do more housework than boys, especially in lone parent families (5x more than boys).
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Brannen
Asian parents were more likely than parents of other ethnicities to be strict with their daughters.
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Bhatti
Ideas of family honour (izzat) could be a restriction in Asian families, especially on girls.
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Firestone and Holt (separate)
Child liberationism. Many things seen by March of Progress theorists as care and protection are actually forms of oppression and control,l keeping children dependent on and powerless against adult control.
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Cunningham
8-year-olds' home habitat is 1/9 the size it was 25 year ago.
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Katz
Notes how children in rural Sudan can freely travel within their village and up to several kilometers outside it. Children also take part in productive work from the age of 3-4.
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Gittins
Coined the term 'age patriarchy' to describe inequalities between adults and children. 'Family' originally referred to the father having power over women, children and servants.
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Humphreys and Thiara
1/4 of 200 women questioned left an abusive partner because of fear for their children's lives. Supports Gittins' view that patriarchy does not only oppress women, but also children.
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Hockey and James
Children use strategies to resist the restrictions of the status of 'child' by acting up or acting down. Most children wish to escape the status of modern childhood and the oppression that comes with it.
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Mayall
Seeing children as passive objects with no power over their childhood risks seeing them from an 'adultist' viewpoint, seeing children as socialisation projects. Proponent of the new sociology of childhood. Focus on the 'present tense of childhood'.
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Smart
The new sociology of childhood aims to study childhood from the child's perspective
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Mason and Tipper
Children may create their own meanings of family - similar to the personal life perspective
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Smart et al
Children in divorce situations, rather than being passive agents, actively get involved in attempting to improve the situation for everyone
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Childhood isn't a naturally separate stage, but socially constructed. There is no universal childhood.
Back
Wagg
Card 3
Front
Found that children in rural Bolivia are expected to take on responsibilities for the community from the age of five.
Back
Card 4
Front
Found that the Tikopia view following an adult's instructions is a concession granted by the child rather than a right expected by the adult.
Back
Card 5
Front
Looked at art from the period. Argued that the idea of childhood did not exist in this period and children were expected to behave like mini-adults soon after being weaned.
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