Chemistry: What's in a Medicine?

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  • Created by: Cleo95
  • Created on: 10-12-12 19:53
How are acids described in the Bronsted-Lowry theory?
Proton donators
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How are bases described in the Bronsted-Lowry theory?
Proton acceptors
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What is a dative covalent bond?
Both electrons within a covalent bond are provided by one atom
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In metallic bonding are larger molecules positively or negatively charged?
Negatively
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Where are the electrons located in metallic bonding
Delocalised
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What shape is CH4?
Tetrahedral
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What shape is NH3?
Triangular Planar
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What shape is H2O?
Bent
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What shape is SF6?
Octahedral
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What shape is NH4+?
Tetrahedral
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What homologous series has the functional group of two -OH groups?
Diol
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What homologous series has the functional group of two -NH2 groups?
Diamine
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What homologous series has the functional group of two -COOH groups?
Dicarboxylic acid
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What homologous series has the functional group of an -OH attached to a benzene ring?
Phenol
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What homologous series has the functional group of a -COCl?
Acyl chloride
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What homologous series has the functional group RCOOCOR
Acid anhydride
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What homologous series has the functional group RCOOR
Ester
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What is formed when a carboxylic acis reacts with an alkali?
Salt
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What is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate?
Carbon Dioxide
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What do primary alcohols become when they are distilled with acidified potassium dichromate(VI)?
Aldehyde
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What do primary alcohols become when they are heated under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate(VI)?
Carboxylic acid
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What do secondary alcohols become when they are heated under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate(VI)?
Ketone
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What colour change is made when a primary or secondary alcohol is oxidised?
Orange to green
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What acts as the catalyst when we react alcohols with carboxylic acids in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid/concentrated hydrochloric acid to form an ester?
Sulfuric Acid
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Why is the reaction reversible when we react alcohols with carboxylic acids in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid/concentrated hydrochloric acid to form an ester?
The reaction is in equilibrium
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Describe the acidic nature of phenols
Donate a proton from the -OH group
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What is formed when a phenol reacts with an alkali?
Salt
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What is the colour change of the test when a phenol is placed in neutral iron(III) chloride solution?
Yellow to purple
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What conditions are needed for phenol to react with an acyl chloride to form an ester?
Room temperature, anhydrous conditions
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What process occurs when hydrogen cyanide reacts to form cyanohydrin?
nucleophilic addition
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What happens in the reaction when hydrogen cyanide forms cyanohydrin?
Carbonyl group is slightly positively charged so is attacked by the negative cyanide ion to undergo nucleophilic addition in the presence of an alkali.
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How can we obtain more effective medicines?
By modifying the structure of existing medicines
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What is combinatorial chemistry used for?
To make a large number of related compounds together, so that their potential effectiveness as medicines can be assessed by large-scale screening
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Define atom economy
The efficiency of a chemical process
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What can most reactions used in chemical synthesis be classified as?
Rearrangement, addition, substitution and elimination
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What is a condensation reaction?
Addition followed by elimination
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What type of reactions have the highest atom economies?
Rearrangement and addition reactions
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What type of reactions have a higher atom economy than elimination reactions, but a lower atom economy than rearrangement and addition reactions?
Substitution and condensation reactions
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What type of reaction has the lowest atom economy?
Elimination reactions
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Why is it important to have a high atom economy?
Less energy can be used, fewer reactants need to be purchased, less energy used so reduced greenhouse gas emissions
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What questions must be answered when testing a medicine that involves clinical trials?
Is it safe? Does it work? Is it better than the standard treatment?
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What locating agents can be used to find the spots in thin-layer chromatography?
Iodine, UV light
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What can thin-layer chromatography be used for?
To measure the purification of an organic substance
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In mass spectra, what is the peak furthest to the right called?
Parent ion
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When using the mass spectra, what 2 types of product are produced?
Positive ion and a radical
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The other peaks on the mass spectrum correspond to lighter ions which are the result of __________
Fragmentation
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What effect does specific frequencies of infrared radiation have on bonds?
Makes specific bonds vibrate more
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How are bases described in the Bronsted-Lowry theory?

Back

Proton acceptors

Card 3

Front

What is a dative covalent bond?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

In metallic bonding are larger molecules positively or negatively charged?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Where are the electrons located in metallic bonding

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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