Chemistry F322 Key Terms

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  • Created by: bluhaven
  • Created on: 01-06-15 14:17
Hydrocarbon
A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
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Saturated Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon with single bonds only.
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon containing carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds.
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Empirical Formula
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.
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Molecular Formula
The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
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General Formula
The simplest algebraic formula formula of a member of a homologous series, e.g. Alkane = CnH2n+2
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Structural Formula
The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, e.g. Propane = CH3CH2CH3
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Displayed Formula
The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them.
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Skeletal Formula
The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.
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Homologous Series
A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2.
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Functional Group
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound.
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Structural Isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
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Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space.
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E/Z Isomerism
An example of stereoisomerism, in terms of restricted rotation about a double bond and the requirement for two different groups to be attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group.
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cis-trans Isomerism
A special case of E/Z isomerism in which two of the substituent groups are the same.
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Homolytic Fission
Forming two radicals.
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Heterolytic Fission
Forming a cation and an anion.
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Curly Arrow
The movement of an electron pair, showing either breaking or formation of a covalent bond.
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Atom Economy
(Molecular mass of the desired products/ Sum of molecular masses of all products) x100
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Cracking
The breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes and alkenes.
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Reforming
Converting aliphatic hydrocarbons into cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Substitution Reaction
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms.
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Radical
A species with an unpaired electron.
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pi-bond
The reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p-orbitals.
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Addition Reaction
A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule.
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Electrophile
An electron pair acceptor.
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Nucleophile
An electron pair donor.
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Esterification
The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water.
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Exothermic Reaction
A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is smaller than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat loss to the surroundings (∆H -ve).
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Endothermic Reaction
A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat being taken in from the surroudnings (∆H +ve).
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Enthalpy, H
The heat content that is stored in a chemical system.
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(Standard) Enthalpy Change of Combustion
The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states.
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(Standard) Enthalpy Change of Formation
The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a compound in its standard state is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states under standard conditions.
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(Standard) Enthalpy Change of Reaction
The enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction in the molar quantities expressed in a chemical equation under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states.
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Standard State
The physical state of a substance under the standard conditions of 100kPa (1 atmosphere) and 298 K (25°C).
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Activation Energy
The minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds.
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Standard Conditions
A pressure of 100 kPa (1 atmosphere), a stated temperature, usually 298 K (25°C), and a concentration of 1 mol dm-3 (for reactions with aqueous solutions).
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Average Bond Enthalpy
The average enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species.
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Hess' Law
If a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change is the same for each route.
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Enthalpy Cycle
A diagram showing alternative routes between reactants and products that allows the indirect determination of an enthalpy change from other known enthalpy changes using Hess' law.
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Enthalpy Profile Diagram
A diagram for a reaction to compare the enthalpy of the reactants with the enthalpy of the products.
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Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process.
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Enzyme
A very efficient catalyst for biochemical reactions.
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Boltzmann Distribution
The distribution of energies of molecules at a particular temperature, usually shown as a graph.
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Dynamic Equilibrium
The equilibrium the exists in a closed system when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
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le Chatelier's Principle
When a system in dynamic equilibrium is subjected to a change, the position of equilibrium with shift to minimise the change.
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Greenhouse Effect
The process in which the absorption and subsequent emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases warms the lower atmosphere and the planet's surface.
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Global Warming
A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants.
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Climate Change
A change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A hydrocarbon with single bonds only.

Back

Saturated Hydrocarbon

Card 3

Front

A hydrocarbon containing carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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