Chemistry Developing fuels

?
  • Created by: Chloesn
  • Created on: 06-03-14 17:44
The mole is the unit that measures amount of substance in such a way that equal amounts of elements consist of equal numbers of atoms.
mole
1 of 61
Symbol Vm, is the volume occupied by one mole of a substance at a given temperature and pressure. It is equal to the molar mass divided by the mass density.
Molar volume
2 of 61
0OC (273K) and 1 atmosphere (101.3kPa).
STP
3 of 61
25OC (298K) and 1 atmosphere (101.3kPa).
RTP
4 of 61
Either the atoms are bonded together in a different order in each isomer.
structural isomer
5 of 61
Two molecules which have the same molecular formula but differ in the way their atoms are arranged are called
isomer
6 of 61
(The order of bonding in the isomers is the same), but the arrangement of the atoms in space is different in each isomer.
Stereoisomers
7 of 61
Same molecular formula, but properties change i.e butane and methylpropane. As the number of carbons increases so does the number of possible isomers.
Chain isomerisation
8 of 61
This can occur where there is an atom, or group of atom, substituted in a carbon chain or ring.
Position isomerisation
9 of 61
Sometimes it is possible for compounds with the same molecular formula to have different functional groups, and because they have different functional groups they will belong to different homologous series.
Functional group isomerisation
10 of 61
the reactants are losing energy so the products end up with less energy than the products and the surroundings ends up with more.
exothermic
11 of 61
(Few) chemical reactions that take in energy.
endothermic
12 of 61
A thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system.
enthalpy
13 of 61
For temperature and pressure are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data.
Standard conditions
14 of 61
The energy transferred =
CMdeltaT
15 of 61
Is the specific heat capacity of water (4.18Jg-1K-1)
c
16 of 61
Mass of water in grams (g)
M
17 of 61
Change in temperature of the water.
deltaT
18 of 61
Can be defined as the enthalpy change when the molar quantities of reactants as stated in the equation react together under standard conditions. This means 1 atmosphere pressure and 298K, all substances in their standard states. (Burns completely in
Standard enthalpy change of combustion
19 of 61
Is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements - again with both the compound and its elements being in their standard states (reactants and products - standard state).
Standard enthalpy change of formation
20 of 61
Also known as an energy cycle, theres a direct route (can’t measure) and indirect route (involving two enthalpy changes, both that can be measured).
enthalpy cycle
21 of 61
. (So as long as your starting points and finishing points are the same, the enthalpy change will always be the same no matter how you get from start to finish).
hess law
22 of 61
The quantity of energy needed to break a particular bond in a molecule. (Average energy required to break the bonds in 1 mole of gaseous compounds).
Bond enthalpy
23 of 61
There are attractive forces between nuclei and electrons when a bond forms so atoms move together, but there are also .... between the nuclei of the two atoms so eventually they stop.
Repulsive forces
24 of 61
Is the measure of the number of ways in which particles can be arranged.
entropy
25 of 61
It's like particles moving from a higher concentration area to a lower concentration area.
diffuses
26 of 61
In chemistry, .... is a sequence of reactions that involve a catalyst in the same phase as the reactants.
homogeneous catalysis
27 of 61
In chemistry, ... refers to the form of catalysis where the phase of the catalyst differs from that of the reactants.
heterogeneous catalysis
28 of 61
Reactants form bonds with atoms on the surface of the catalyst - we say they are
adsorbed
29 of 61
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
Catalyst
30 of 61
Any compound of carbon and another element or a radical.
organic compound
31 of 61
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule.
covalent bond
32 of 61
A compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those that are the chief components of petroleum and natural gas.
hydrocarbon
33 of 61
Compounds containing a benzene ring are said to be this.
aromatic
34 of 61
Compounds that don’t contain a benzene ring are said to be this.
aliphatic
35 of 61
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons having the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible.
saturated
36 of 61
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound.
functional group
37 of 61
In chemistry, a ... is a series of compounds with a similar general formula, usually varying by a single parameter such as the length of a carbon chain.
homologous series
38 of 61
Any of the series of saturated hydrocarbons including methane, ethane, propane, and higher members.
alkane
39 of 61
The -CH3 group is just methane with a hydrogen atom removed so it can join to another atom.
methyl group
40 of 61
Side groups of the methyl group are alkyl groups. They have a general formula CnH2n+1 and are often represented by the symbol R.
alkyl group
41 of 61
As well as open-chain alkanes, it is possible for alkane molecules with cylic structures to exist.
cycloalkane
42 of 61
a reaction which does not convert all the carbon and hydrogen into water or carbon dioxide. This type of combustion only occurs when there is insufficient oxygen to allow fuel other compounds apart from carbon monoxide.
In complete combustion
43 of 61
The conversion of a compound into an isomer of itself; Use - improve octane number of petrol, conditions pt/Al2O3 150OC, same molecular formula as reactants; branched.
isomerisation
44 of 61
The cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons, at high temperature in the presence of steam, in order to produce ethylene, propylene and other light alkenes. Use - manufacture polymers, no catalyst 900OC short residence time
steam cracking
45 of 61
is one of the most important conversion processes used in petroleum refineries. It is widely used to convert the high-boiling, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum crude oils to more valuable gasoline
catalytic cracking
46 of 61
A catalytic process in which straight-chain molecules are converted to branched forms for use in gasoline. Use - improve octane number of petrol, pt/Al2O3 500OC, hydrogen is recycled through mixture to reduce ’coking’
reforming
47 of 61
Separation of a liquid mixture into fractions differing in boiling point (and hence chemical composition) by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column.
fractional distillation
48 of 61
Of or relating to a circle or other closed curve. The less volatile hydrocarbons condense on the trays and the more volatile ones pass through.
cyclic
49 of 61
Any of the series of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a double bond, including ethylene and propylene.
alkene
50 of 61
The double bonds in alkenes suggest they are
unsaturated
51 of 61
An aromatic hydrocarbon or arene is a hydrocarbon with alternating double and single bonds between carbon atoms forming rings.
Arenes
52 of 61
Electrons belonging to certain molecules are not attached to a particular atom or bond in that molecule.
Electron delocalisation
53 of 61
Of or denoting the radical -OH, present in alcohols and many other organic compounds.: "a hydroxyl group".
Hydroxyl
54 of 61
A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other
hydrogen bonds
55 of 61
(of liquids) forming a homogeneous mixture when added together.
miscible
56 of 61
Derived from alkanes by substituting an alkoxy group (-OR) for an H atom. CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3 ethoxyethane.
ether
57 of 61
group is an alkyl group singular bonded to oxygen thus: R—O.
alkoxy
58 of 61
Spontaneous combustion is a type of combustion which occurs by self heating, followed by thermal runaway and finally, ignition.
auto ignite
59 of 61
is a value used to indicate the resistance of a motor fuel to knock. Octane numbers are based on a scale on which isooctane is 100 (minimal knock) and heptaneis 0 (bad knock).
octane number
60 of 61
an open chain of atoms with one or more side chains attached to it.
branched chain
61 of 61

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Symbol Vm, is the volume occupied by one mole of a substance at a given temperature and pressure. It is equal to the molar mass divided by the mass density.

Back

Molar volume

Card 3

Front

0OC (273K) and 1 atmosphere (101.3kPa).

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

25OC (298K) and 1 atmosphere (101.3kPa).

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Either the atoms are bonded together in a different order in each isomer.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Chemistry resources:

See all Chemistry resources »See all Unit 2 resources »