Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
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What are the differences in chemical properties between Isotopes of the same element?
No chemical difference, isotopes have the same number of electrons.
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Why is a high vacuum used in a Mass Spectrometer?
So the ions do not collide with air molecules, stopping them from reaching the detector.
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What Accelerates the ions in a Mass Spectrometer?
Negatively Charged plates
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What Deflects the ions in a Mass Spectrometer?
Magnetic Field
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How are ions detected in a Mass Spectrometer?
Ions hit the detector, accept electrons, lose their charge and create a current which is proportional to the abundance of that ion.
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What property do electrons have in an orbital?
Spin
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What is the general trend for Ionisation energies across a period?
Generally increase because the nuclear charge is increasing.
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Why is there a drop from Magnesium to Aluminium in first Ionisation energies?
Aluminium's outermost electron is in the 3p orbital which is of a slightly higher energy than the 3s orbital so need less energy to remove the electron.
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Why is there a drop from Phosphorus to Sulphur in first Ionisation energies?
In Phosphorus each of the three 3p orbitals contains just one electrons. In Sulphur one of the 3p orbital must contain two electrons. The repulsion between these paired electrons makes it easier to remove.
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What is the general trend for Ionisation energies down a group?
Generally decrease, nuclear charge does increase but the charge is shielded by inner electrons.
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What is the General Ideal Gas Equation?
PV = nRT
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What is the Empirical formula?
The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
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What is the Molecular formula?
The actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule of the compound
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What is an Ionic Bond?
Transferring of electrons between a metal and a non-metal to form electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions.
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Ionic compounds have ______ structures and ______ Melting Points
Giant Structures and High Melting Points.
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Do Ionic compounds conduct electricity?
When in molten or aqueous solution but not as a solid.
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Why are Ionic compounds brittle?
They form a lattice of alternating positive and negative ions. A sharp blow could cause contact between ions with like charges therefore repelling.
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What is a Covalent Bond?
A shared pair of electrons.
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How does sharing electrons hold atoms together?
The electrostatic attraction between the nuclei and the shared electrons.
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Why do molecular structures have low melting points?
There are only strong covalent bonds between the atoms within the molecules. There is only weak attraction between the molecules.
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Do molecular structures conduct electricity?
No, the molecules are neutral overall so there are no charged particles to carry the current.
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Can molecular structures conduct electricity in aqueous solution?
No because there are still no charged particles.
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What is a Dative Covalent/Co-ordinate Bond?
When one atom provides both the electrons in a covalent bond.
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What do we call the pair of electrons that is not being used in a bond?
A lone pair
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What is electronegativity?
The ability of an atom to attract the electron density in a covalent bond towards itself.
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Electronegativity depends on...
The nuclear charge, the distance between the nucleus and the outer shell electrons, the shielding of the nuclear charge by electrons in inner shells.
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What is the general trend in electronegativity, up a group?
Generally increases, the atoms get smaller and there is less shielding by electrons in inner shells.
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What is the general trend in electronegatiivity across a period?
Generally increases, the nuclear charge increases, shielding remains the same and the atoms become smaller.
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What are the most electronegative elements?
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine and then Chlorine.
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What is a polar covalent bond?
A covalent bond where the electron pair is unequally shared between the atoms.
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Why is Fluorine more electronegative than Chlorine?
Fluorine is a smaller atom when it forms a covalent bond, the shared electrons are closer to its nucleus.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are the differences in chemical properties between Isotopes of the same element?
Back
No chemical difference, isotopes have the same number of electrons.
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