Chemistry - acids and bases

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  • Created by: I.m
  • Created on: 25-12-12 15:51
Give the use for hydrochloric acid.
Present in your stomach which helps you digest food.
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Give the use for sulphuric acid.
Battery acid used in cars.
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Give the uses for nitric acid.
Used for manufacture of dyes, explosives and some pharmaceuticals.
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What do all acids release in aqueous solution? Write a balanced equation to show this.
All acids release H+ ions in aqueous solution. HCl (g) + aq = H+ (aq) +Cl- (aq) (aq=water)
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Give the two equations of how sulfuric acid releases H+ ions in solution.
H₂SO₄ + aq = 2H+ + SO₄²- and H₂SO₄ + aq = H+ + HSO₄- (diprotic – 2 protons released)
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Give the equation of how nitric acid releases H+ ions in solution.
HNO₃ +aq = H+ + NO₃- (monoprotic – 1 proton released)
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What is the active ingredient of any acid?
It is the H+ ion that is the active ingredient of any acid.
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What is an acid?
An acid is a proton H+ donor.
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Give examples of some bases.
Common examples of bases are metal oxides, metal hydroxides and the compound ammonia.
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Give the uses of sodium hydroxide.
Oven cleaners, paint strippers.
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Give the uses of potassium hydroxide.
Saponifying oils for liquid soap, pH control agent
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Give the use of ammonia
Manufacture of fertilisers.
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What type of reaction is it when acids and bases react?
Neutralisation reaction.
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What is a base?
A base is a proton H+ acceptor (accepts the H+ from the acid).
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What is the difference between a base and an alkali?
Bases that are soluble in water are called alkalis.
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What happens when a base is dissolved in water?
When dissolved in waters, these alkalis release OH- ion in aqueous solution.
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Name three common alkalis.
Sodium hydroxide NaOH, potassium hydroxide KOH and aqueous ammonia NH₃.
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Give the equation of how sodium hydroxide releases OH- ions in solution.
NaOH (s) + aq = Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) (aq=water)
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Give the equation of how potassium hydroxide releases OH- ions in solution.
KOH (s) + aq = K+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
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Give the equation of how ammonia releases OH- ions in solution
NH₃(aq) <----->NH₄+ + OH- (reversible)
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What is a salt?
A salt is formed when the acidic H+ ion of an acid is replaced by a positive ion such as a metal ion or the ammonium ion.
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What kind of compounds are salts?
Salts are ionic compounds containing positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions).
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In a salt what is usually the cation?
The cation is usually a metal ion or the ammonium ion NH₄+.
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What acid would be used to make sodium phosphate?
Phosphoric acid H₃PO₄.
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How can salts form?
Salts can be formed by neutralising acids with metal carbonates, bases such as metal oxides and alkalis such as metal hydroxides.
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What happens to blue litmus paper and the universal indicator when hydrochloric acid is added and what is its pH?
Blue litmus paper turns red, universal indicator turns red and has a pH of about 1.
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What observations are made when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonate (acid + meatl carbonate)?
Effervescence, white solid dissolves and limewater went cloudy (only time allowed to use the word cloudy).
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Write the word equation of the reaction between an acid and carbonate.
Acid + (metal) carbonate = salt + water + carbon dioxide
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What observations are made when hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium oxide (acid + metal oxide)?
Colourless solution formed and white solid dissolved.
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What type of reaction is acid + metal oxide?
It is an exothermic reaction = temperature increases.
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Write a word equation of the reaction between an acid and a base.
Acid + base = salt + water
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What happens to red litmus paper and the universal indicator when sodium hydroxide is added and what is its pH?
Red litmus paper goes blue, universal indicator goes (darker blue) and has a pH of about 14.
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Explain why sodium hydroxide can be describes as being an alkali as well as being a base.
It can be described as a base because it is a proton acceptor OH- = H₂0. It can be described as an alkali because it is a water soluble base.
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What observations are made when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide (acid + hydroxide)?
Remains colourless.
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What type of reaction is acid + metal hydroxide?
It is an exothermic reaction = temperature increases.
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What type of reactions are all neutralisation reactions?
All neutralisation reactions are exothermic.
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Write the word equation for the reaction between and acid and alkali?
Acid + alkali = salt + water.
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Acid + alkali = salt + water
Which of the two, the acid and alkali, accepts a proton and donate a proton? Show the equation for this. In this reaction the H+ ion donated by the acid is accepted by the OH- ion to from water i.e. H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) = H₂O (l)
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Write the balanced equation for the reaction between nitric acid an ammonia
NH₃ (aq) +HNO₃ (aq) = NH₄NO₃ (aq).
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NH₃ (aq) +HNO₃ (aq) = NH₄NO₃ (aq). Which of the two, the acid and ammonia, accepts a proton and donate a proton? Show the equation for this.
In this reaction the H+ ion donated by the acid is accepted by the NH₃ to from the ammonium ion NH₄+.
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What are hydrated salt?
Hydrated salts have water in the crystal structure.
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What are anhydrous salt?
Hydrated salts have no water in the crystal structure.
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How can hydrated salts be converted to anhydrous salts?
Hydrated salts can be converted to anhydrous salts by heating to drive off the water. This is called water of crystallisation because the water molecules form an essential part of the crystalline structure of the compound.
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Give the use for sulphuric acid.

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Battery acid used in cars.

Card 3

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Card 4

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Card 5

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Give the two equations of how sulfuric acid releases H+ ions in solution.

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