The temperature, concentration, pressure of reacting gases, surface area of reacting solids, and the use of catalysts
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Acids
Substances with a pH of less than 7 are acids. The more strongly acidic the solution, the lower its pH number. Acidic solutions turn blue litmus paper red. They turn universal indicator paper red if they are strongly acidic, and orange or yellow if t
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Bases
Substances that can react with acids and neutralise them to make a salt and water are called bases. They are usually metal oxides or metal hydroxides. For example, copper oxide and sodium hydroxide are bases
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Alkalis
Bases that dissolve in water are called alkalis.
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Neutral solutions
Neutral solutions have a pH of 7. They do not change the colour of litmus paper, but they turn universal indicator paper green. Water is neutral.
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Exothermic reactions
transfer energy to the surroundings.
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Endothermic reactions
take in energy from the surroundings
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Subatomic particles
Each atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons arranged around it in energy levels
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mass number
its total number of protons and neutrons at top of symbol
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Isotopes
are atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons
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atomic number
bottom number of symbol number of protons
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relative formula mass
add together the relative atomic mass values for all the atoms in its formula. carbon monoxide 12+16=28
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relative atomic mass
is an average value for the isotopes of the element.
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Paper chromatography
Paper chromatography is used to analyse coloured substances, such as the coloured pigments in plants and artificial colours used as food additives.
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paper chromatography how it works
Paper chromatography works because some of the coloured substances are better at dissolving in the liquid than they are at bonding with the paper, so they travel further up the paper
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Substances with a pH of less than 7 are acids. The more strongly acidic the solution, the lower its pH number. Acidic solutions turn blue litmus paper red. They turn universal indicator paper red if they are strongly acidic, and orange or yellow if t
Back
Acids
Card 3
Front
Substances that can react with acids and neutralise them to make a salt and water are called bases. They are usually metal oxides or metal hydroxides. For example, copper oxide and sodium hydroxide are bases
Back
Card 4
Front
Bases that dissolve in water are called alkalis.
Back
Card 5
Front
Neutral solutions have a pH of 7. They do not change the colour of litmus paper, but they turn universal indicator paper green. Water is neutral.
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