Electrons become excited when they are given more energy (via electricy, heating etc) which causes them to potentially jump energy levels if possible.
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What are the S, d and P groups?
S- Groups 1 and 2, d, Transition metals, 3,4,5,6,7,0
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How would we describe atomic orbitals?
Atomic orbitals would be described as a cloud of negative charge. An electron fills a volume in space. Diffrent atomic orbitals have diffrent energy levels and they all have diffrent shapes.
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What is ionisation?
The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of a gaseous state atoms to form one mole of gaseous positive ions.
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Equation for Na
Na+ (g) + e-
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How does the inoisation energy level increase?
Over a period due to increased nuclear charge.
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Why?
There is more protons in the nucleus along a period. This causes an increase in the level of attraction (nuclear force) between the electrons and the protons (opposites attract) which therefore causes them to need more energy to break these bonds.
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What does the shape mean?
The shape represents a volume of space where there is a 95% chance of finding an electron there.
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How would we fill a element such as oxygen in drawing form?
We would fill the 1s and 2s and then allocated 1 electron into each of the atomic orbitals of the same energy (this is a rule)
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How does the ionsation energy change as we remove more electrons?
The furthest chain is always the easiest to remove. This is because there is increased shielding and therefore further from the nucleus and therefore easier to remove. As you get closer to the nucleus then it is harder to remove then and therefore
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Con
you need more energy to remove them.
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How to tell the group of an element from its ionisation graph?
Number of electrons in its outer shell = its group number
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