Physics 1

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What substances can convection happen in?
Liquids and Gases
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All substances emit _____________ radiation.
Infrared
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What are the best absorbers of thermal radiation?
Black, matt surfaces
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How does heat pass through a single pane window?
Conduction and Radiation
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True or false? Liquids cannot be compressed because their particles are close together
True
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Complete this equation. Energy = mass x change in temperature x ?
Specific heat capacity
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What 2 types of energy transfer involves the transfer of energy through particles?
Conduction and Convection
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What is the density order of solid, gas, and liquid from highest of lowest?
Solid, liquid, gas.
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Why are metals good conductors of heat?
They have free electrons which are free to move inside the metal so can mover faster.
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Changes in density is a key idea of what type of energy transfer?
Convection.
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What 4 things increase the rate of evaporation?
Temp. of liquid is higher, Density is lower, Surface Area is higher Airflow of the liquid is greater.
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What 4 things increase the rate of condensation?
Temp. of gas is lower, Temp of surface area that gas touches is lower, density is higher and airflow is less.
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What is the name of the change when a gas turns into a liquid?
Condensation.
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Is the rate of heat transfer increased or decreased when the object has a large surface area?
Increased.
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Name the 4 functions of a vacuum that make them effective.
Double walled with a vacuum between stops all cond. and conv, Walls of vacuum are silvered to keep heat loss by radiation is a minimum. Bottle is supported by insulating foam to minimise cond. Stopper is made out of foam/cork to stop cond.
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Do animals in cold countries have small or large ears?
Small.
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'The most-effective methods of insulation are the ones that give you the biggest annual saving' - is this true?
Yes.
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Which methods of insulation are the most cost-effective?
The cheapest methods.
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What types of heat energy transfer does Cavity wall Insulation prevent?
Conduction, convection and Radiation.
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What types of heat energy transfer does Loft Insulation prevent?
Conduction and Radiation.
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Is an item with a high U-Value a good or poor insulator?
Poor.
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What does Specific heat Capacity tell us?
How much heat energy things can store.
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What are the 9 energy names?
Kinetic, Heat, Light, Gravitational Potenial, Chemical, Sound, Elastic, Electrical, Nucleur
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What can happen to energy?
Stored, dissipated or transferred.
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Can energy be created or destroyed?
No.
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What is the most common type of wasted energy in machine?
Heat energy.
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What is a machine?
A device that transfers one type of energy to the other.
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Why are electric heaters '100% efficient?'
As heat is the useful energy output, so all the energy created goes into the surroundings to heat the room.
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When choosing appliances, what 2 things do you need to look at?
The efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the machine.
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How do heat exchangers work?
The reduce the amount of heat energy is lost by pumping a cool fluid through the escaping heat. This then warms the water giving it more heat energy. This energy in the fluid can then be converted into a form of useful energy in the device.
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What main 4 things will developing countries not have access to without electricity?
Electrical lighting, Refrigerators (prevent the growth of bacteria and vaccines are kept in them), hospital equipment and communication.
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What are the non-renewable types of energy?
Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Uranium and Plutonium (Nuclear Fuels).
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What are the renewable types of energy?
Wind, Food, Tidal, Biofuels, Wave, Hydroelectric, Solar and Geothermal.
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What 4 types of energy and equipment are used when producing electrical energy?
Chemical energy (Fuel) - Boiler - Heat energy - Turbine - Kinetic Energy - Generator - Electrical energy
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What 2 substances are used when using Nuclear reactors?
Uranium and Plutonium.
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What power stations have the fastest and slowest start-up times?
Natural gas (quickest), Nuclear fuels (slowest).
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Where are wind turbines mostly found and why?
Moors and coasts because that's where the wind is strongest.
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How do Wind Turbines work?
Each turbine has it's own generator in it which generates the wind turning the blades into electrical energy.
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What are the pros and cons of Wind turbines?
Pros = cause no pollution, create no permanent damage and minimal running costs. Cons = ruin landscapes, very noisy, when the wind stops they don't work, impossible to meet high demands and initial costs are high.
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How do Solar panels work?
They generate electrical energy from light energy from the Sun.
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What are the pros of Solar panels?
There's no pollution, in sunny countries it's a very reliable source of energy, they're cost effective and they have minimal running cost.
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What are the cons of Solar panels?
They take a lot of energy to make in the first place, initial costs are high, they don't work at night and only work on a small scale (don't power National grid as it would be too expensive and unpractical).
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What are some uses of Solar Panels?
Generate electricity in a home, watches, calculator, chargers for phones.
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How does Hydroelectric power work?
Hydroelectric power works by rain that collects in dams. When the dam is let out the moving water powers the turbines which power the generator to turn the kinetic energy into electrical energy.
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What are the pros of Hydroelectricity?
There is no pollution, can provide immediate responses (drought) and it has minimal running costs.
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What are the cons of Hydroelectricity?
The flooding of the valley is bad for the environment as rotting vegetation created Methane and CO2 so loss of habitats and initial costs are high
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How does Pumped storage work?
It spares the electricity not needed at night by pumping the water to a higher reservoir. This can then be released quickly during periods of peak demand.
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How does Wave power work?
As waves come up the shorethey provide an up and down motion which is used to drive the turbine which powers the generator conveting kinetic to electrical energy.
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What are the pros of Wave power?
No pollution is made, the have minimal running costs and are very useful on small islands.
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What are the cons of Wave power?
The can spoil the view, cause hazards for boats, can be fairly unreliable when the wind drops, initial costs are high and can't provide energy on a large scale.
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How does Tidal power work?
Tidal barrages are built acriss river esturies with turbines in them. As the tide comes in it fills up the estuary which drives the turbines. This is allowed at the turbines at controlled speeds. The energy source is from the Sun and Moon.
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What are the pros of Tidal power?
No pollution is made, they're very reliable as it happens twice a day without fail, has a predicted height, they store energy easily which is good for peak demand times.
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What are the cons of Tidal power?
They prevent free access by boats, spoil the view, alter the habitat of the wildlife and when lower (neap) tides happen you don't get as much energy.
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What is geothermal energy and how does it work?
It is heat energy that comes from the rock underground the Earth. It works by drilling down to hot rocks near the surface of the earth. Steam and hot water rise to the surface and drive a generator.
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What is the source of Geothermal energy?
The slow decay of radioactive substances (uranium.)
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What are the pros of Geothermal energy?
No environmental problems and geothermal heat can be used to heat building directly without transferring it to electrical energy.
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What are the cons of Geothermal energy?
There aren't many suitable loactions for power plants and the cost of building the power plant is high compared to the amount of energy we get from it.
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How to Biofuels work?
They're burnt to heat up water.
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What are the pros of using Biofuels?
They can be used in cars, they can be solids, liquids or gases, we can get biofuel from dear or alive organisms.
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When burning the fossil fuels, what gas is released?
Carbon dioxide.
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What is order in which the fossil fuels create the amount of CO2 (from highest to lowest)?
Coil, Oil then Gas.
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What is released (apart from CO2) when Coal and Oil are burnt?
Sulphur dioxide.
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What are the disadvantages of producing Coal?
Coal mining makes a mess of the landscape.
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What are the pros and cons of Nuclear Power?
Pros = it is clean and cheap. Cons = Nuclear waste is dangerous and difficult to dispose of, the cost of the power plant is high and catastrophes can happen with the Radioactivity.
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What are the disadvantages of Biofuel?
Large areas of forest have to cleared to grow biofuels resulting in losses of habitats. the decay and burning of the vegetation also increases CO2 and methane emissions. Farmland is also limited.
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Why is Carbon Capture and Storage used?
To reduce the amount of CO2 building up in the atmosphere and reduce the strength of the greenhouse effect.
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How does CCS work?
Carbon dioxide is collected from power stations and pumped into empty gas and oil fields, for example under the North Sea. It can also be dissolved in seawater at the bottom of the ocean or capturing it with algae.
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What 6 things must you look at when comparing renewable energy?
Set-up costs, Reliability issues, environmental issues, set/decommissioning times, fuel/running costs and location issues.
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What do 'Set-up' costs mean and which are the most expensive?
How big the station is, it usually takes a lot of money to build and set up. The most expensive are Nuclear reactors and Hydroelectric dams as they need to be safe and are massive.
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Why are tidal and geothermal the most reliable energy sources?
They don't depend on the weather.
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What is the National Grid?
A network of pulon and cables that gets electricity to homes in the UK.
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How does the National Grid save energy?
It increases the voltage which decreases the current so heat energy isn't lost in cables.
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Why are step-up and step-down transformers used?
So there is efficient transmission and then to bring the voltage back down so it is safe for homes.
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What are the 2 ways to transfer electrical energy?
Overhead or underground cables.
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How can the National grid increase their supply?
Build more power plants or they can increase their power output.
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How can consumers reduce their energy demand?
Use more energy-efficient appliances or being more careful not to waste energy in the home. e.g turning off taps/lights.
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In what direction do Transverse waves travel?
The vibrations ae perpendicular to the direction of the energy transfer of the wave.
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What kinds of waves are longitudinal?
Sound, Shock and Ultrasound waves
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What kinds of waves are Transverse?
Light and all other waves on the EM spectrum.
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In what direction do the vibrations travel in Longitudinal waves?
They tavel parallel to the direction of energy transfer.
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How does reflection work?
Light bounces of objects and into your eyes so you can see them.
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When an image, what 4 properties does the virtual image have?
Virtual, upright and laterally inverted
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What does diffract mean?
When waves bend around obstacles and cause the waves to spread out.
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When does Maximum diffraction occur?
When the wavelength and the gap are the same size.
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When is there little diffraction?
When the gap is much larger than the wavelength.
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When is there diffration only at the edges?
When the wavelength is bigger than the gap.
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Why does Refraction happen?
Because the light wave changes speed.
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What are the 7 types o waves on the EM spectrum?
Radio waves, Microwaves, Infra-red waves, Visible light, Ulta Violet, X-rays, Gamma rays.
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What are Radio Waves used for?
Communication, TV and Radio signals..
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Why are Radio long-waves used for communication?
They can diffract around the curved surface of the Earth and can reflect of the ionsphere s can be recieved miles away.
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What are Microwaves used for?
Satellite communications an mobile phones.
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How do microwaves transmit satellite TV?
The signal is transmitte into space where it's picked up by the satellite' reciever dish in space. The satellite transmits the signal back to Earth in a different direction where it's recieved by a dish on the ground.
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What are infrared waves used for?
TV remote controls by emitting different patterns of infrared waves.
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What is visible light used for and how does it work?
Photography. The lens in a camera focus the visible light onto an electronic sensor. The lens aperture controls how much light enters the camera.
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How do sound waves travel?
A longitudinal waves and the vibrations are passed through the surrounding medium as a series o ompressions.
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How do Echos work?
Sound waves are reflected by hard, flat surfaces and you hear a delay between the original sound as it has to travel further.
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When Sound waves enter denser material do they speed up or slow down?
Speed up.
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What is red shift?
The light from distant galaxies are shown to have slightly lower frequencies as they are shifted toward the red end of the spectrum as they're moving away.
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What is the Doppler Effect?
When objects move towards you their frequency increases and when they're moving away their frequency decreases.
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How does Red shift prove the Big Bang?
The further away a galaxy is, the faster it's moving so the greater the red shift.
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What is the Big Bang?
Matter and energy in the early universe was compressed into a small space and exploded. Ever since, the universe has been expanding.
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How long ago did the Big Bang happen?
Roughly 14 million years ago.
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What is CMBR?
Cosmic background radiation that is coming from the universe.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

All substances emit _____________ radiation.

Back

Infrared

Card 3

Front

What are the best absorbers of thermal radiation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How does heat pass through a single pane window?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

True or false? Liquids cannot be compressed because their particles are close together

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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