Chemistry

year 7 and some GCSE stuff for chemistry.

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  • Created by: Akki
  • Created on: 27-04-13 22:17
What's the equipment used in a chemistry laboratory called?
Apparatus
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List as many pieces of apparatus as you can:
Test tube rack, test tube holder, clamp and stand, spatula, stirrer, dropper, tongs, mortar and pestle, conical flask, beaker, filter paper, filter funnel, gauze, evaporating basin, tripod stand, heat-proof mat, bunsen burner.
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What must you do to increase the heat of the bunsen burner?
Open the air hole.
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What's the hottest part of a Bunsen Burner's flame?
The top of the central cone, which is formed when the air hole is wide open. The temperature here can be as high as 1800°C.
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What is a 'tare facility'?
Can set a scale reading back to zero, this simplifies weighing chemicals, by automatically taking away the mass of the container.
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What apparatus can you use to measure volume?
Measuring cylinder(fairly large v.), burettes and pipettes(more accurate), droppers(small volumes).
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How many millilitres does 1cm³ equal?
1ml
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What is a meniscus?
When the surface of the liquid curves upwards at the edges, this is formed in all measuring. When reading the scale on a measuring cylinder you read the scale from the bottom of the meniscus.
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What temperature is the boiling point of water?
100°C
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What temperature is the freezing point of water?
0°C
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What are the 4 steps of an experiment?
The aim (what you are trying to find out), the method (how the experiment should be carried out), the results (should be recorded in a suitable form), the conclusion (what you have found out).
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What is matter?
Matter is the scientific word used to describe all the different types of substances and materials found in our universe. The 3 states if matter are solid, liquid and gas.
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What is a solid?
A solid has a fixed shape and a fixed volume. A force must be used to change the shape of a solid.
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What is a liquid?
A liquid has a fixed volume, but no fixed shape. A liquid can flow and take the shape of any container.
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What is a gas?
A gas has no fixed shape or volume. A gas can spread out in all directions and fill any container.
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Explain how substances change state:
When heated, most solids will melt and if the heating continues the liquid formed will boil and then evaporate to produce a gas. Similarly, if a gas is cooled it will condense and if the cooling continues the liquid will freeze to form a solid.
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What are molecules?
Molecules are made up of two or more atoms, which are chemically joined together.
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What are atoms or molecules like in a solid?
The atoms or molecules in a solid are held closely together by strong forces of attraction .
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Explain how substances change state:
When heated, most solids will melt and if the heating continues the liquid formed will boil and then evaporate to produce a gas. Similarly, if a gas is cooled it will condense and if the cooling continues the liquid will freeze to form a solid.
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What are molecules?
Molecules are made up of two or more atoms, which are chemically joined together.
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What are atoms or molecules like in a solid?
The atoms or molecules in a solid are held closely together by strong forces of attraction .
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Explain how substances change state:
When heated, most solids will melt and if the heating continues the liquid formed will boil and then evaporate to produce a gas. Similarly, if a gas is cooled it will condense and if the cooling continues the liquid will freeze to form a solid.
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What are molecules?
Molecules are made up of two or more atoms, which are joined together.
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What are atoms or molecules like in a solid?
The atoms or molecules in a solid are held closely together by strong forces of attraction. The particles cannot move over each other but vibrate (wobble) back and forth.
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What are atoms or molecules like in a liquid?
The forces of attraction between the atoms or molecules in a liquid are slightly weaker. The particles are slightly further apart and can move around each other.
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What are atoms or molecules like in a gas?
There are only weak forces of attraction between the atoms or molecules of a gas. The particles are very far apart and can move about in all directions.
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What happens when a substance is heated?
Whena substance is heated the particles have more energy and move faster, so the temperature rises.
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What happens when a substance is cooled?
When a substance is cooled the particles have less energy and move slower, so the temperature falls.
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Explain melting:
When the heating of a solid is continued for long enough the particles will eventually vibrate fast enough to break free from each other and move about more freely.
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Why can evaporating take place in a range of different temperatures?
The particles of a liquid have different energies, so there are always some that move quickly and some that move slowly. Therefore, even at fairly low temperatures, particles at the surface of a liquid are moving fast enough to escape and form a gas.
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Explain boiling:
When a liquid is heated, energy is supplied to the particles making them move faster. The speed of the particles increase as the temp rises. If the heating is continued many of the particles will be moving fast enough to escape from the liquid.
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Expalin condensation:
When a gas is cooled, heat energy is removed from the particles making them move more slowly. The speed of the particles decrease as the temp falls. If the cooling is continued for long enough the particles will begin to condense.
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Explain freezing:
When a liquid is cooled, heat energy is removed from the particles making them move slowly. The speed of the particles continues to decrease as the temp falls. If the cooling is continued for long enough the particles will not be able to move about.
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What is sublimation?
Some substances like iodine and graphite, do not melt which heated but change straight from a solid to a gas. The change is reversible.
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Can you compress gases?
You can, because the particles in a gas are far apart and they can be squeezed into a smaller space by forcing the particles closer together.
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What is diffusion?
Diffusion occurs when the particles of one substance spread out and mix with particles of another substance.
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Which temperature is absolute zero?
-273.16°C, because at this temperature particles stop moving.
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What is an element?
An element is a substance that contains only one kind of atom.
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How many natural elements are there?
There are about 90 different kinds of atoms that occur naturally on the Earth. There are also a few more made from nuclear reactions, making over 100 in total.
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Name some properties of metals:
Shiny (when polished), Solid at room temperature (excluding mercury which's a liquid), Conducts heat, Conducts electricity, 3 are magnetic (iron, colbalt, nickel), Strong, Malleable, Ductile.
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Aproximately how many elements are metals?
Three-quarters.
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What is a compound?
A compound is a substance that contains atoms of more than one kind joined together. Compounds can be broken down into simpple substances.
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Aproximately how many known compounds are there?
There are over 20 million known compounds.
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When does -ate at the end of a compound mean?
It means there is oxygen in the compound.
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What is it called to break up a compound?
Decomposition reaction.
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Does decomposition require energy?
A lot of energy is required , this the opposite of when compunds are formed from elements, when energy is usually given out.
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What are the types of decomposition reactions?
Thermal decompostion (using heat), electrolysis (when electricity passes through fthe compound).
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What is a mixture?
A mixture contains 2 or more substances mixed together, but not chemically joined
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Name some ways of separating mixtures:
Decanting, Filtration, Evaporation, Crystallisation, Distillation, Fracftional Distillation, Separating Funnel, Chromatography
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What is Decanting? (when separating mixtures)
Separating an insoluble solid from a liquid.
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What is Filtration? (when separating mixtures)
Separating an insoluble solid from a liquid.
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What is Evaporation? (when separating mixtures)
Separating a soluble solid from a solution.
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What is Crystallisation? (when separating mixtures)
Separating a soluble solid from a solution.
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What is Distillation? (when separating mixtures)
Separating a solvent from a solution.
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What is Fractional Distillation? (when separating mixtures)
Separating 2 liquids that are mixed together.
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What is Separating Funnel? (when separating mixtures)
Separating two liquids that do not mix together.
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What is Chromatography? (when separating mixtures)
Separating soluble substances
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What does immiscible mean?
Liquids that do not mix together. (the opposite is miscible)
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What is effervescence?
When a chemical reaction fizzes/bubbles, it is usually because it is producing a gas.
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What is precipitation?
Some reactions between solutions produce a solid.
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What are Exothermic reactions?
Reactions that give out heat
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What does a chemical equation show?
reactants----> products
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What are endothermic reactions?
Reactions that take in heat (get colder)
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Name some chemical reactions:
Baking a cake, frying an egg, striking a match, iron corroding, photosynthesis
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Name some physical changes:
Salt solution (dissolving salt in water), changes of state.
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What is combustion?
When a substance burns by reacting with oxygen,
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What are the three things that fire needs?
Fuel, Oxygen, Heat. To extinguish a fire you must remove one (or more) of these three things.
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What is corrosion?
Most metals form a dull surface coating when exposed to air.
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What is rusting?
Corrosion of iron and steel. Both air and water must be present for rust to appear. Salt and acid
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Name some physical barriers against rusting:
Paint, Oil and Grease, Tin Palting, Electroplating (uses electricity to put a thin layer of chromium or layer).
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Name some sacrificial protection against rusting:
Blocks of Magnesium, blocks of zinc.
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What is Galvanising?
Dipping iron or steel in molten zinc, to prevent rusting.
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What is Oxidation?
When a subtstance reacts with oxygen.
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What is Reduction?
When a substance loses oxygen (the opposite of oxidation).
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What is Neutralisation?
The reaction between an acid and a base, producing water and a salt. Neutral is pH7.
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What is a Displacement?
When a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive one in a compound.
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What's what when sugar is dissolving in water?
The sugar the SOLUTE (it's SOLUBLE) and the water is SOLVENT. A SOLUTION is what you get when a SOLUTE dissolves in a SOLVENT.
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What is suspension?
When an insoluble substance is shaken in a liquid, the solid particles can be seen spread throughout the liquid.
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What can you do to speed up dissolving?
You can do 3 things: Heat up the solvent, Stir or shake the solvent, Grind the solute up into smaller pieces.
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What does saturated mean?
Something is saturated, when no more solute camn dissolve. If more solute is added, then it would collect at the bottom.
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How does temperature effect dissolving?
More solid can dissolve in a solvent at higher temperatures. Less gas can dissolve in a solvent at higher temperatures.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

List as many pieces of apparatus as you can:

Back

Test tube rack, test tube holder, clamp and stand, spatula, stirrer, dropper, tongs, mortar and pestle, conical flask, beaker, filter paper, filter funnel, gauze, evaporating basin, tripod stand, heat-proof mat, bunsen burner.

Card 3

Front

What must you do to increase the heat of the bunsen burner?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What's the hottest part of a Bunsen Burner's flame?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is a 'tare facility'?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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