Chemistry Stuff

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What are protons and neutrons collectively called?
Nucleons
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Why are protons and neutrons collectively called Nucleons?
They are both found inside the Nucleus.
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What is the charge of a Proton?
+1 unit
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What is the charge of a Neutron?
No Change
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What is the charge of a Electron?
-1 unit
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What is the mass of a Proton?
Approx 1 unit
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What is the mass of a Neutron?
Approx 1 unit
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What is the mass of a Electron?
Approx 1/1840 units (very small)
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What is 1 unit of charge equal too?
1 unit of charge is 1.602 x 10-19 coulombs.
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What is the shorthand for 1 unit of mass (1.661 x 10-27 kg)?
"atomic mass units"
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Define: Atomic (proton) Number (Z)
The number of protons normally found in an atom of a given chemical element.
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Define: Mass Number
The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.
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Define: Isotope
Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but with different mass numbers
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Define: Isotopic Abundance
It means the percentage of that particular isotope that occurs in nature
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What are Ions with a negative charge called?
Cations
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What are Ions with a positive charge called?
Anions
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What is relative atomic mass?
The relative atomic mass of an atom is the ratio of the average mass of one atom of that element to 1/12th of the mass of one atom of carbon-12.
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What is relative molar mass?
The relative molecular mass of a molecule is the ratio of the average mass of that molecule to 1/12th of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.
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What is the flame test used for?
It is used in chemistry to detect the presence of certain elements, primarily metal ions, based on each element's characteristic emission spectrum.
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What is the Emission spectrum?
A spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a source.
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What are Ionic bonds?
Ionic bonds are the electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely-charged ions.
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What do Ionic compounds often form?
Crystals
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What is a Covalent bond?
A covalent bond is a pair of electrons shared between two atoms.
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What is a metallic bond?
A metallic bond is an attraction between cations and a sea of electrons.
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How are metallic bonds formed?
Metallic bonds are formed when atoms lose electrons and the resulting electrons are attracted to all the resulting cations.
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What does it mean when electrons are delocalized?
They are not attached to any particular atom but are free to move between the atoms.
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What is the format of electron shells?
2, 8, 8
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What are some properties of metals in terms of Electircal conductivity?
Since the electrons in a metal are delocalised, they are free to move throughout the crystal in a certain direction when a potential difference is applied and metals can thus conduct electricity in the solid state.
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What are some properties of metals in terms of Melting and Boiling point?
Although not generally as strong as in ionic compounds, the bonding in metals is relatively strong, and as a result the melting and boiling points of metals are relatively high.
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What is a dative covalent bond?
A dative covalent bond is a pair of electrons shared between two atoms, one of which provides both electrons to the bond.
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What is Electronegativity ?
Electronegativity is the relative ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond.
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What does the Electronegativity of a atom depend on?
It depends on its ability to attract electrons and its ability to hold onto electrons.
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What is a atom which has a high electronegativity said to be?
Electronegative
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What is a atom which doesn't have a high electronegativity said to be?
Electropositive
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Why can't Noble gasses be ascribed an electronegativity?
They do not form bonds.
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What would happen if both atoms have a similar electronegativity?
Then both atoms attract the electrons with similar power and the electrons will remain midway between the two. The bond will thus be covalent - the electrons are shared between the two atoms.
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Why can't bonds between two identical atoms be ionic?
There is no difference in electronegativity. They will therefore be either covalent or metallic.
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What is a lattice?
A lattice is an infinite and repeating arrangement of particles
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The ___ the charge on the ions, and the ___ they are, the ___ the attraction between them will be and the ___ the melting and boiling points.
The higher the charge on the ions, and the smaller they are, the stronger the attraction between them will be and the higher the melting and boiling points.
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How is a molecular orbital formed?
When two two atomic orbitals overlap (after a Covalent bond is formed)
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What happens when a Covalent bond is formed?
Two atomic orbitals overlap and a molecular orbital is formed
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What do Cations have fewer than Protons?
Electrons
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What is the common cation for Aluminum?
Al3+
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What is the common cation for Ammonium?
NH4+
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What is the common cation for Barium?
Ba2+
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What is the common cation for Calcium?
Ca2+
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What is the common cation for Chromium(II)?
Cr2+
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What is the common cation for Chromium(III)?
Cr3+
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What is the common cation for Copper(II)?
Cu2+
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What is the common cation for Iron(II)?
Fe2+
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What is the common cation for Iron(III)?
Fe3+
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What is the common cation for Hydrogen?
H+
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What is the common cation for Hydronium?
H3O+
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What is the common cation for Lead(II)?
Pb2+
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What is the common cation for Lithium?
Li+
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What is the common cation for Magnesium?
Mg2+
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What is the common cation for Mercury?
Hg2 2+
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What is the common cation for Potassium?
K+
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What is the common cation for Silver?
Ag+
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What is the common cation for Sodium?
Na+
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What is the common cation for Zinc?
Zn2+
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What is the formula for Sulfate?
SO2− 4
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What is the formula for Carbonate?
CO3−2
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What is the formula for Nitrate?
NO3-
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What is the formula for Hydroxide?
OH−
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REFER TO DIAGRAMS OF METALLIC LATTICE
REFER TO DIAGRAMS OF METALLIC LATTICE
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REFER TO DIAGRAMS OF COVALENT STRUCTURES (DIAMOND, GRAPHENE, FULLERENE)
REFER TO DIAGRAMS OF COVALENT STRUCTURES (DIAMOND, GRAPHENE, FULLERENE)
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What does aqueous mean?
Dissolved in water
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What do acids produce when they dissolve in water?
Aqueous hydrogen ions, H+(aq)
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What do alkalis produce when they dissolve in water?
Aqueous hydroxide ions, OH–(aq)
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When the H+(aq) ions from an acid react with the OH–(aq) ions from an alkali, what happens?
A neutralisation reaction occurs to form water
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What is the equation for the neutralisation reaction?
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
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What is the neutralisation reaction?
Reaction between acid and alkali (base) to form salt plus water
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What does the neutralisation reaction form?
Salt plus water.
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What is a mole?
A mole of a substance is the amount of that substance that contains the same number of elementary particles as there are carbon atoms in 12.00000 grams of carbon-12.
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Define molar mass
The mass of one mole of a substance
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What is the equation for mass?
MASS = MOLAR MASS X NUMBER OF MOLES or m = mr x n
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What is the unit for molar mass?
gmol-1
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What is the equation for number of moles?
number of moles = mass ÷ relative formula mass
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What does the law of conservation of mass say/dictate?
The total combined mass of the reactants must be the same as the total combined mass of the products
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RESEARCH REACTING MASSES (DOC 2, PAGE 3)
RESEARCH REACTING MASSES (DOC 2, PAGE 3)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Why are protons and neutrons collectively called Nucleons?

Back

They are both found inside the Nucleus.

Card 3

Front

What is the charge of a Proton?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the charge of a Neutron?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the charge of a Electron?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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