Chemistry revision for Test 12th June 2018

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  • Created by: Kalitise
  • Created on: 12-06-18 17:24
What is the general formula for the alkAnes?
CnHn+2 (this means the number of hydrogen atoms is(Carbon x 2) +2)
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What is the general formula for the alkEnes?
CnH2n (this means the number of hydrogen atoms is carbons x 2)
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How was coal formed?
Millions of years ago, animals and plants sunk to the bottom of the ocean and got covered with layers of mud. The pressure and heat slowly turned the remains into crude oil
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What are the groups in the fractional distillation column called?
Fractions.
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How can fractions be separated?
Fractions can be separated through the process of fractional distillation.
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How does a fractional distillation column work?
Crude oil is pumped into the bottom of the column it is then heated up and the gas rises to the top. The substances are able to be separated because they have different boiling points
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Does the chain length increase or decrease as you go down the fractional distillation column?
The chain length increases.
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Does the flammability increase or decrease as you go down the column?
The flammability decreases
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Does the viscosity increase or decrease as you go down the column?
The viscosity increases.
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Does the boiling range increase or decrease as you go down the column?
The boiling range increases.
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What does viscosity mean?
The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness"; for example, honey has higher viscosity than water.
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What is combustion?
Combustion is when a substance burns in oxygen.
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What is a fuel?
A fuel is a substance that burns to produce energy.
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What is a hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon is a compound containing ONLY hydrogen and carbon.
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What can be used to test for the presence of hydrogen?
Cobalt chloride paper can be used to test for hydrogen. It changes from blue ➡️ Pink when hydrogen is present.
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What will be produced produced when a fuel containing carbon is burned? Why?
Carbon Dioxide will be produced because when a substance is burned it reacts with oxygen. Carbon + oxygen -> Carbon dioxide
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What's will be produced when a fuel containing hydrogen is burned? Why?
Water or H2O will be produced because when when a substance burns it reacts with oxygen. H2 + O2 -> H2O
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What will be produced when a hydrocarbon burns in a plentiful supply of oxygen?
Carbon dioxide and water will be produced (CO2 and H2O)
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What is called when a hydrocarbon burns in a plentiful supply of oxygen?
Complete combustion
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What is incomplete combustion?
When a hydrocarbon burns in an limited supply of oxygen.
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What is it called when a substance burns in a limited supply of oxygen?
Incomplete combustion.
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Describe Carbon monoxide.
Carbon monoxide is a colourless and odourless gas, it is also poisonous which makes its extremely dangerous.
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How can Carbon monoxide kill you?
When CO is inhaled, it enters your bloodstream and hooks onto your haemoglobin (the party of red blood cell that carriers oxygen). This forms carboxyhaemoglobin which stops the cell from being able to carry oxygen resulting in death from a lack of O.
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What can be used to protect people from Carbon monoxide gas?
Carbon Monoxide detectors
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Name two families of hydrocarbons.
Alkenes and Alkanes.
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What will the name of an Alkanes always end in?
ANE
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What does the first part of the name of an Alkanes or Alkene tell you?
the numbers of carbon atoms.
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How can you remember the list of prefixes in Alkanes and Alkenes.
My Enourmous Penguin Bounces Pretty High High Off the ground.
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Recite the prefixes of Alkanes and Alkenes.
1- Meth, 2- Eth, 3- Prop, 4- But, 5- Pent, 6- Hex, 7- Hept, 8- Oct.
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What is a homologous series?
A homologous series is a group of compounds with the same generals formula and similar chemical properties.
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What property do the Alkenes share?
They are all flammable
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The Alkenes are a _______ s_____ of _______
Homologous series of hydrocarbons.
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What is different about the Alkenes and the Alkanes?
The Alkenes have a double bond between two of the Carbon atoms.
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What is cracking.
Cracking is when long chain Alkenes that are less useful are split into smaller chains.
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What happens when Alkanes are split.
When Alkanes are splits, there are not enough hydrogen atoms to make only Alkenes so a mixture of Alkenes and Alkanes are produced.
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What two things does cracking do to a molecule?
1 - it makes smaller molecules and 2 - it makes a mixture of Alkanes and Alkenes.
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How was crude oil and natural gas formed?
Millions of years ago, animals and plants sunk to the bottom of the ocean and got covered with layers of mud. The pressure and heat slowly turned the remains into crude oil
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What is crude oil?
Crude oil is a mixture of compounds that all have different boiling points.
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What properties do all metals have?
All metals; conduct electricity, conduct heat, are malleable and are ductile.
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Many metals are s_____.
Strong.
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Why was Gold used in some of the first coins?
Gold was used in some of the first coins because it does not react with water, air, alkalies and most acids.
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Define the term alloy and give an example of one.
An alloy is a mixture of metals. Steel is an example of an alloy.
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Why are alloys created?
Alloys can have different properties properties to put metals making them more suitable for a purpose.
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Metals are a ______ r________
Finite resource
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Why is recycling metals important
It is important to recycle metals because they they are a finite resource. By reusing them, we can ensure that they won't run while also saving money and the environment.
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Most metals react with ______
Oxygen.
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What can you *often* see on metal that has been oxidised?
Discolouration of the metal surface.
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What are the products of metal + water?
Metal hydroxide + hydrogen. (Water contains hydrogen)
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What are the products of metal + acid?
Salt + hydrogen
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What is formed when a metal reacts with hydrochloric acid?
A chloride salt + hydrogen. (Zinc + Hydrogen -> Zinc Chloride + hydrogen).
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How can you remember the names of the metals that react with acid?
MAZIT.
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Name the metals that react with acid.
Magnesium, aluminium, Zinc, Iron and Tin.
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What is corrosion?
Corrosion is the reaction of metals to form compounds.
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What is the correlation between a metal's reactivity and the speed at which it corrodes? Why?
The most reactive metals corrode faster because they react with their surroundings quickly.
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What can be used to test for corrosion? What will it change to?
Ferroxyl indicator changes from yellow -> blue in the presence of corrosion.
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How can you protect metals from corrosion? (Give four examples)
1. keeping it in oil 2. By painting it 3. by covering it in a plastic coating 4. By covering it in metal plating.
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What must you do to prevent corrosion?
To prevent corrosion we must prevent water and oxygen from touching a metal's surface.
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What are the three methods of extracting metals?
Heat, extraction and electrolysis.
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What determines which metal extraction method you should use
The reactivity of the metal you want to remove.
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Give an example of a metal that can be found uncombined in the earth.
Gold.
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What is the correlation between the reactivity of a metal and how much energy is required to separate them?
As metals become more reactive they require more energy to remove from their ores.
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Give two examples of metals that can be separated through heat alone.
Silver and Mercury.
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Which metals can be separated through extraction?
The moderately reactive metals such as Copper, Iron, Tin and Lead
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To extract metals through reduction what do you have to do?
Heat the ore with carbon.
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Does the process of extracting metals through reduction require a lot of energy? Why?
Yes because it requires additional chemicals to overcome the stronger bonds of the more reactive metals.
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Which metals can be separated though electrolysis?
The reactive metals like aluminium and magnesium.
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What are the roots of the words electrolysis?
Electro - electricity lysis - break
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How much energy does electrolysis require?
Electrolysis requires a large amount of energy.
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In electrolysis, which elements will be attracted to the negative charge and which will be attracted to the positive charge?
The metal elements will be attracted to the negative charge and the non-metals will be attracted to the positive side.
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What does electrolysis do?
Electrolysis separates metal and non metal elements using a direct current.
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What is a battery?
Electrolysis separates metal and non metal elements using a direct current.
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Why do batteries stop working?
Because the chemicals that react to produce electricity run out.
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How can electricity be produced?
By connecting two different metals with an electrolyte.
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what is an electrolyte?
An electrolyte is a solution of salt (containing metal and non-metal elements).
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What does the electrolyte do?
The electrolyte completes the circuit.
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what is the environmental impact of electrolysis?
The process requires a lot of energy which negatively impacts the environment by using up electricity.
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In an electrolyte, how do the electrons flow?
From the most -> least reactive metal.
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What is a catalyst?
A catalyst is a substance which when added to a reaction, speeds up the reaction without being used up?
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What is the average rate formula?
What is the average rate formula?
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What happens when you increase the temperature in a reaction. Why does this happen?
The reaction will speed up. This happens because the rise in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles which causes more collisions.
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What four things can be done to increase the rate of reaction?
1. Decrease the particle size 2. Increase the concentration 3. Increase the temperature 4. Add a catalyst
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When would increasing the rate of reaction be useful?
In industry where it is often required to make as much product as possible in as little time as possible.
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Can a catalyst be used more than once?
Yes - they do not get used up during a reaction.
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What does using a catalyst allow you to do?
Using a catalyst allows you to carry out the reaction at a lower temperature saving energy.
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why does decreasing the particles size speed up a reaction?
Because it increases the surface area allowing the particles to collide more quickly.
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Why does increasing the concentration speed up a reaction?
Because there are more particles in a more concentrated solution to collide.
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Why does increasing the temperature speed up a reaction?
Because it increases the kinetic energy of the particles causing more collisions
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Why does using a catalyst speed up a reaction?
Catalysts change how a reaction happens.
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Catalysts change how the reaction happens.
A mixture is when elements are mixed but not joined. They can be separated easily. A compound is when elements are chemically joined. it is not easy to separate a compound.
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What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?
A mixture is when elements are mixed but not joined. They can be separated easily. A compound is when elements are chemically joined. it is not easy to separate a compound.
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Which group number are the Alkali metals? How reactive are they?
The Alkali metals are group one. They get more reactive as you go down the group with Francium being the most reactive.
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What is the solute in an experiment?
The solute is the substance that is being dissolved.
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What is the solvent?
The solvent is the substance that the solute is being dissolved in.
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What is the name of group 7?
Group 7 is the halogens.
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What is the solution in an experiment?
The solution is the mixture formed when the solute dissolves in the solvent.
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Which group is very nonreactive, what is their number?
The noble gases are very nonreactive. They are group 8/0.
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What can be used to test for hydrogen *gas*? How will you know that it is present?
A burning splint (it will burn with a squeaky pop).
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What can be used to test for the presence of carob dioxide gas? How will you know that it is present?
Lime water can be used. It will turn a milky white colour if CO2 is present.
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What can be used to test for the presence of water?
Cobalt chloride paper can be used (it will change from blue -> Pink in the presence of water because it detects the hydrogen)
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What does the zig zag line of the periodic table tell you?
The elements on the left of the line are metals, the ones of the right are non-metals.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the general formula for the alkEnes?

Back

CnH2n (this means the number of hydrogen atoms is carbons x 2)

Card 3

Front

How was coal formed?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the groups in the fractional distillation column called?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How can fractions be separated?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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