When a covelant bond breaks and each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shaired pair or electrons.
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What is hetrolytic fission?
When a covelant bond breaks and one of the bonded atoms recieves both of the shared electrons.
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What affect does increasing chain length of alkanes have on boling point?
The boiling point increases as there is greater surface area of contact between moleules so stronger intermolecular forces.
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What affect does branching have on alkane boiling point?
The more branches a molecule has the less surface area of contact so the lower the boiling point.
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How is a pi bond formed?
A pi bond is the sideways overlap of two p orbitals. The electron density is focused above and below the line joing the two nuclei. The pi bond locks the atoms in place so stops rotations.
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What are the two conditions for E/Z isomerism to occur?
carbon-carbon double bonds, different groups attached to each of the carbons.
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What is the condition for cis/trans isomerism to take place?
One hydrogen attached to each of the carbons.
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Which is stronger a pi bond or a sigma bond?
Sigma
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Conditions for hydrogenation of alkenes
Nickle catalyst, 423 K (electrophilic addition), hydrogen gas.
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Conditions for hydration of alkenes
H3PO4 catalyst, steam (produces an alcohol)
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Is the major product from the primary or secondary carbocation?
Secondary since the methyl groups push electrons towards the carbocation making it less postive so more stable.
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What form of polymerisation do alkenes undergo?
Addition
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What is the colour change when potassium dichromate is reduced?
Orange to green
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How do you dehydrate an alcohol?
Heat under reflux with H3PO, this produces an alkene.
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Substitution reactions of alcohols
The hydrogen halide is formed insitu from a sodium halide and sulfuric acid with everything being heated under reflux.
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What is a nucleophile?
A speices which donates a lone pair of electrons to form a covelant bond.
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What happens during hydrolysis?
the halogen atom is replaced by an -OH group (nucelophilic substitution)
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What does the rate of halogen hydrolysis depend on?
The strength of the carbon halogen bond. C-F is the strongest so the rate is the slowest.
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How do you split the two layers formed when making organic products?
Add water to the two layers to see which is the aqueous layer and which is the organic layer. Then use a seperating funnel to collect both layers.
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How do you remove acid impurities?
Add aquesous sodium carbonate and shake the mixture. Release any carbon dioxide produced. Remove the sodium carbonate layer and wash the organic layer with water.
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How do you dry the organic product?
Add a drying agent such as anhydrous magensium sulfate until a powder is fomed. Then decant the clear liquid.
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How do you redistill the product?
Set up the apparatus again and heat under distillation. This time only collect the product with the boiling point of the compound you are trying to make. The narrower the boiling range the fewer the impurities.
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What are the types of vibrations that happen to bonds when they undergo infared spec?
stretch, bend
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What does the amount the bond stretches or bends depend on?
Strength of the bond (stronger bonds vibrate faster), mass of the atom (heavier atoms vibrate more slowly).
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is hetrolytic fission?
Back
When a covelant bond breaks and one of the bonded atoms recieves both of the shared electrons.
Card 3
Front
What affect does increasing chain length of alkanes have on boling point?
Back
Card 4
Front
What affect does branching have on alkane boiling point?
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