Chemistry Keywords

Keywords for Alevel and As level Chemistry

Edited 01/03/2017

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Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
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Mass Number
The number of protons added to the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
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Isotope
Atoms of the same element which have a differing number of neutrons, but the same amount of protons.
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Relative isotopic mass
The mass of one isotopic atom relative to 1/12 of the mass of a Carbon-12 atom.
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Relative atomic mass
The average mass of an atom relative to 1/12 of the mass of a Carbon-12 atom.
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Relative molecular mass
The sum of the relative atomic mass of all atoms in a molecule.
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Relative formula mass
The sum of all the relative atomic masses of all atoms in a compund.
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Shielding
When inner orbitals reduce the nuclear pull on electrons in the outer shell of an atom.
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Mass-to-charge ratio (m/z)
The ratio of the relative mass (m) of an ion to its charge (z) as seen on a mass spectrum.
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Ionisation energy
The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of an element.
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Atomic orbitals
An area in the space around the nucleus of an atom in which there is a 95% chance of finding an electron. Also known as sub-shells labelled s,p,d and f.
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Electron configuration
The arrangement of electrons in an atom of an element.
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Period
Horizontal row of elements in the periodic table.
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Group
Vertical column of elements in the periodic table. Elements in the same group possess similar properties due to the same outer electron configuration.
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Giant structures
Crystal structures in which all the atoms are linked by a network of strong bonding.
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Simple molecular structures
groups of elements held together by strong covalent bonding within molecules but weak forces of attraction between molecules.
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Intermolecular forces
Weak attractive forces between molecules.
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Lattice
A regular three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or ions in a crystal.
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Ionic bonding
Strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions in a lattice.
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Electrolysis
The decomposition of a compound by electricity.
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Electrolyte
A compound which is decomposed during electrolysis.
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Covalent bond
The strong electrostatic attraction between two nuclei and the shared pair of electrons between them.
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Lone pair
A pair of electrons in the outer shell of an atom which is not not involved in molecular bonding.
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Dative covalent bonding
Bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons, each electron having been donated by one of the atoms.
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Bond lengh
The distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule.
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Bond energy
The energy required to break one mole of the bonds in a substance in the gaseous state.
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Bond angle
The angle between two covalent bonds in a molecule or a giant covalent structure.
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Isoelectronic
Ions and molecules which have the same number and arrangement of electrons.
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Polar covalent bonds
Bonds between atoms of different atoms, wherein the electrons are drawn towards the positive pole. The bonds will have a positive pole and a negative pole formed due to differing electronegitavity.
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Electronegativity
The ability of an atom to attract the bonding elcetrons in a covalent bond. In a polar bond the shared electrons are drawn to the more electronegitave atom.
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Polar molecules
A molecule containing a dipole.
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Dipole
The separation of charge in a polar covalent bond due to electronegativity.
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London forces
The intermolecular forces that exist between all molecules, arising from instantaneous and induced dipoles between neighbouring molecules.
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Polariasbility
An indication of the extent to which the electron cloud in an ion can be distorted by an electric charge.
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Hydrogen bonding
A strong intermolecular force between a covalently bonded delta positive hydrogen and the delta negative fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen atom of a neighbouring molecule.
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Solute
A chemical which dissolves in a solvent to make a solution.
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Solvent
The liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solute.
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Saturated solution
A solution which contains as much of the solute as is possible at a particular temperature.
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Solubility
The measure of concentration of a saturated solution of a solute at a specific temperature, Commonly recorded as 'mol per 100g water' or 'g per 100g of water' at twenty-five degrees centigrade (298K)
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Non-aqueous solvent
Any solvent other than water.
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Miscible
Liquids which mix with one another (e.g. water and ethanol)
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Immiscible
Liquids that do not mix with one another (e.g. oil and water)
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Hydration
When a water molecule bind to ions or add to molecules. Due to the water molecules polarity they can attach to both positive and negative ions.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The number of protons added to the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Back

Mass Number

Card 3

Front

Atoms of the same element which have a differing number of neutrons, but the same amount of protons.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

The mass of one isotopic atom relative to 1/12 of the mass of a Carbon-12 atom.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

The average mass of an atom relative to 1/12 of the mass of a Carbon-12 atom.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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