Chemistry C7 (Organic Chemistry)

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What type of resource is crude oil and where is it found/
Is a finite resource found in rocks
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What is crude oil?
The remains of an ancient biomass consisting of plankton that was buried in mud
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What compounds is crude oil mainly made up of?
Hydrocarbons
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What are hydrocarbons?
Moloecules that are made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms ONLY
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What type of hydrocarbon is mainly found in crudeo oil?
Alkanes
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What is the general formula for the homologous series of alkanes?
C(n)H(2n+2)
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What are the first four memebers of alkanes?
methane, ethane, propane, butane
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HGow can crude oil be separated?
By fractional distillation
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In each fraction, what do these have in common?
Molecules which have a similiar number of carbon atoms
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what fuels do we depend on that are produced from crude oil?
petrol, disel oil, kerosene, heavy fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gases
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What do some properties of a hydrocarbon depend on?
boiling point, viscosity (resistance), flammability
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As a hydrocarbon moleucle's size increases, what happens to its boiling point, viscosity and flammability?
Boiling point and viscosity increases, flammability decreases
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What does th complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels produce?
carbon dixoide and water
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why do we want to break down/crack hydrocarbons?
To make them into smaller, more useful molecules
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what are the two types of cracking?
Catalytic and steam cracking
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What doies the product of cracking produce (2 products)
alkanes and alkenes
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What is used to test for alkanes and alkenes?
bromine wtaer
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What colour change will there be if bromine water is added to an alkane?
there will be no colour change
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What colour change will there be if bromine water is added to an alkene?
Will turn bromine water colourless
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Therefore, which type of hydrocarbon is more reactive?
alkenes
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Whatv are alkenes used to produce?
polymers and as starting materials for the production of many other chemicals.
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What type of carbon bond to alkenes have?
A double carbon-carbon bond
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What is the general formula for the homologous series of alkenes?
C(n)H(2n)
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Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated and why?
They are unsaturated because they contain two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms
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What are the first four members of the homologous series of alkenes?
ethene, propene, butene, pentene
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Why does methene not exist?
They only have one carbon atom so can't form double bonds with other atoms
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why do alkenes burn in air with smoky flames in a combustion reaction?
The combustion is incomplete
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What functional group are alkenes in?
C=C
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What else do alkenes reat with (except form oxygen)
hydrogen, water and the halogens
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What functional group are alcohols in?
-OH
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What are the first four members of the homologous series of alcohols?
methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol
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What is formed when an alcohol reacts with oxygen (combustion) ?
carbon dioxide and water
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What happens when an alcohol reacts with sodium?
Bubbles of hydrogen gas are produced
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What happens when an alcohol reacts with water?
Alcohol is soluble in water so it forms a neutral solution
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What happens when an alcohol reacts with an oxidising agent?
The solution changes colour from orange to green
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What are the main uses of alcohols?
Fuels, solvents, drinks, hand sanitisers, methylated spirits
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What are sugar solutions fermented by to produce aqueous solutions of ethanol?
yeast
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In the fermentation of yeast, what is produced?
Ethanol and carbon dioxide
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What are the conditions needed for this to happen?
a temperature of 30 degrees Celsius
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what is another but much longer way of producing ethanol?
produce the fraction from fractional distillation, then produce the alkene (ethene) through cracking, then react ethene with steam (water) to produce ethanol
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What is a disadvantage of producing ethanol through fermentation?
Produces carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas
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What is a disadvantage of producing ethanol through the longer process??
Reaction of ethene and steam requires 300 degrees Celsius
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What functional group do carboxylic acids have?
-COOH
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What are the The first four members of a homologous series of carboxylic acids?
methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid
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what is the form of the structure of carboxylic acids ?
CH3COOH
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What happens when carboxylic acids react with water?
They dissolve in water to form acidic conditions with pH values less than 7
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What happens when carboxylic acids react with metals?
They form a salt and hydrogen
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What happens when carboxylic acids react with bases?
They form a salt and water
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What happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?
They form a salt, water and carbon dioxide
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What happens when carboxylic acids react with alcohols?
They form esters
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what are esters?
An organic compound which all contain the functional group of -COO-
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What are esters smell like and what are they used as?
they have a fruity smell and are used as solvents
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Why are carboxylic acids weak acids?
They partially ionise in aqueous solutions, meaning their have a low concentration of hydrogen ions
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What is the general reaction of the formation of an ester?
carboxylic acid + alcohol=(using a catalyst like sulfuric acid) ester + water
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What is the name of the ester formed when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol?
ethyl ethanoate
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In a fractioning column, where is the temperature high?
At the bottom
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At the top of the fractioning column, will the hydrocarbons have a high or low boiling point?
low
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What do amino acids react by to produce?
React by condensation polymerisation to produce polypeptides
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What is an example of an amino acid?
glycine
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In condensation polymerisation, what product is also produced?
water
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What does DNA code for?
genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses.
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How many polymer chains are in most DNA molecules?
2
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How many different monomers are there in DNA molecules and what are they called?
4 called nucleotides
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What is the form of a DNA molecule?
double helix
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3 examples of other naturally occurring polymers?
proteins, starch and cellulose
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Card 2

Front

What is crude oil?

Back

The remains of an ancient biomass consisting of plankton that was buried in mud

Card 3

Front

What compounds is crude oil mainly made up of?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are hydrocarbons?

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Card 5

Front

What type of hydrocarbon is mainly found in crudeo oil?

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