Chemistry C2.1 : Structure and bonding

What is a compound?

A compound is a substance that contains two or more elements which a chemically combined together

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Properties of metals in group 0?

Noble gases are stable and unreactive

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What is covalent bonding?

This is bonding between two non-metal atoms, it involves the sharing of electrons.

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What is ionic bonding?

This is chemical bonding between a non-metal and a metal, where the atoms either lose or gain electrons to become a charged particle (ion) and become stable.

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What makes an ion positively charged?

An ion is positively charged if it has more protons inside its nucleus than its outer shells. (this occurs in metals)

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What makes an ion negatively charged?

An ion is negatively charged if there are more electrons than protons in the atoms outer shell. (this occurs in non-metals)

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Why do metal atoms react with non-metal atoms? Why do they do this?

Metal atoms react with non-metal atoms to lose electrons and form a positively charged ion. Non-metals react with metals to gain electrons and become negatively charged ions. They do this to obtain a full and stable outer shell.

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What is ionic bonding?

The strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions formed. The electrostatic force of attraction acting in all directions is called 'ionic bonding'

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What is a giant lattice?

This is a giant structure made from the ionic bonds between oppositely charge ions.

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Why are giant structures held so strongly together?

The force exerted by an ion and other ions in the lattice acts equally in all directions.

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What happens in an ionic bond between calcium (2,8,8,2) and chlorine (2,8,7)

Calcium must lose two electrons but chlorine only needs to gain one electron in order to obtain a full outer shell. So, two chlorine atoms must react with every one calcium atom to form calcium chloride (CaCl2)

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What is the overall charge of an ionic compound?

The overall charge on any ionic compound is 0, the compounds are therefore neutral.

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Group 1 elements form... (metal)

1+ ions

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Group 2 elements form... (metal)

2+ ions

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Group 7 elements form... (non-metal)

1- ions

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Group 6 elements form... (non-metal)

2- ions

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What is covalent bonding?

Bonding between non-metals, where non-metals react their atoms and share pairs of electrons to form molecules

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What happens during covalent bonding?

The atoms of non-metals need to gain electrons to achieve stable outer energy levels, neither atom can give away electrons, so they share pairs of electrons.

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What are macromolecules?

Covalently bonded structures where huge numbers of atoms are held together by a network of covalent bonds.

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What is diamond and what are its bonds?

Diamond is a giant covalent structure, each carbon forms four covalent bonds, resulting in a giant rigid covalent lattice.

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What is the structure of a metal?

A metal is built up in layers upon layers in a regular pattern, they form crystals and can only sometimes be seen on the surface of some metals.

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Structure of a metal (higher tier)

Metals are an example of giant structures, there are giant lattice's of positively charged ions, the metal ions are arranged in regular layers, one on top of the other.

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Further explanation on a metals structure?

-outer electrons from metal atom can move throughout structure -outer electrons form a sea of free electrons surrounding positively charged metal ions -electrostatic charge between negative electrons and positive ions bond metal ions like glue

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What is the name of the 'sea' of free electrons? What are they?

They are delocalised electrons, they are no longer linked with a particular ion in the giant metallic structure.

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Chemistry C2.1 : Structure and bonding

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