Chemistry C1 entirety

?
Chemistry C1.1 Fundamental ideas
Chemistry C1.1 Fundamental ideas
1 of 181
What are all substances made up of?
Atoms
2 of 181
Elements only contain one type of _____?
Atom
3 of 181
Compounds contain?
More than one type of atom
4 of 181
What is the very basic structure of a atom?
Nucleus in it's centre, surrounded by electrons.
5 of 181
What are atoms made up of?
Protons, neutrons and electrons.
6 of 181
Protons and electrons have.. charges?
Equal and opposite electric charges.
7 of 181
Neutrons have... charge?
No electric charge, they are neutral.
8 of 181
What are atoms arranged in?
Arranged on the periodic table in order of their atomic number.
9 of 181
How do you work out a atoms atomic mass number?
Amount of protons + amount of neutrons = atomic mass number
10 of 181
What are electrons in an atom arranged by?
In energy levels in shells.
11 of 181
Atoms with the same amount of electrons in their outmost shell belong?
In the same group of the periodic table.
12 of 181
What determines how a element reacts?
The number of electrons in the elements out-most shell.
13 of 181
In group 0, the unreactive noble gasses, what are they?
They have very stable arrangements of electrons.
14 of 181
What is the electron structure of the shells?
1st Shell - 2 electrons 2nd shell - 8 electrons 3rd shell - Fill up from here.
15 of 181
What happens when atoms from different elements react?
Form a compound.
16 of 181
What happens when metals react with non-metals?
Charged particles called ions form.
17 of 181
Metal atoms form _____________?
Positively charged ions
18 of 181
Non metals atoms form _________?
Negatively charged ions
19 of 181
What do negatively and positively ions do?
When reacted they attract each other in ionic bonding.
20 of 181
How do atoms in non-metals bond to each other?
They share electrons, called covalent bonding.
21 of 181
The total mass of reactants = ?
The total mass of reactants = total mass of products
22 of 181
Why does The total mass of reactants = mass of products?
No new atoms are ever created.
23 of 181
There is the same number of each type of atom on each side of a _________?
Balanced symbol equation.
24 of 181
Hydrogen + Oxygen = ?
Water (and the equation is balanced)
25 of 181
C1.2 Rocks and building materials
C1.2 Rocks and building materials
26 of 181
What is limestone made mainly from?
Calcium carbonate
27 of 181
Where is limestone widely used?
The building industry
28 of 181
Calcium carbonate in limestone braks down when?
We heat it strongly
29 of 181
Why do we heat it strongly?
To make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide?
30 of 181
What is this reaction called?
Thermal decomposition.
31 of 181
What is the word equation for heating limestone?
Calcium carbonate --(heat)--> Calcium oxide + Calcium dioxide
32 of 181
What is the symbol equation?
CaCO3 ----> CaO + CO2
33 of 181
What is a rotary lime kiln and it's use? (google/print a diagram)
A kiln filled with crushed limestone, to make calcium oxide by heating it.
34 of 181
What happens when Carbonates react with a dilute acid?
Salt, water and carbon dioxide.
35 of 181
What happens to lime water in the test for CO2?
It turns cloudy.
36 of 181
What causes this?
A precipitate of insoluble calcium carbonate causes the cloudiness.
37 of 181
What happens when you heat metal carbonates?
They form metal oxide and carbon dioxide.
38 of 181
What is a precipitate?
A substance precipitated from a solution.
39 of 181
What happens when water is added to calcium oxide?
Calcium hydroxide is formed.
40 of 181
What can calcium hydroxide be used for?
Calcium hydroxide is a alkali so can be used to neutralise acids.
41 of 181
What is the reactions of limestone and it's products known as?
The limestone reaction cycle.
42 of 181
Learn the limestone reaction cycle.
Learn the limestone reaction cycle.
43 of 181
What is cement made by?
Heating limestone with clay in a kiln.
44 of 181
What is mortar made by?
Mixing cement and sand with water.
45 of 181
How is concrete made?
Mixing crushed rocks/small rocks (called aggregate) with cement and water
46 of 181
What is one advantage and a disadvantage of quarrying for limestone/
More jobs but a big scar on the enviroment.
47 of 181
What's the basic stages of limestone quarrying?
Blasted from quarry by explosives > Taken in lorries to be processed > Most of this goes to cement factories.
48 of 181
What effects do explosions have on the enviroment and are there any advantages?
Leaves a big scar, scares of enviroment but large hole can be used for reservoirs or landfill.
49 of 181
C1 3.1 Metals and their uses (made by DG)
C1 3.1 Metals and their uses (made by DG)
50 of 181
What to metal ore's contain that makes them economically viable?
They contain enough of the metal to make it economic to extract the metal.
51 of 181
Name a metal we can find in it's native state that's un reactive.
Gold
52 of 181
What does the reactivity help us decide?
The best way to extract a metal from it's ore.
53 of 181
Oxides of metals below carbon in the series can be reduced by what and to do what?
Reduced by carbon to give the metal element.
54 of 181
Why can some metals not be extracted from their ores using carbon?
Their more reactive than carbon is
55 of 181
What do chemists mean when they say that a metal oxide is reduced?
It's reduced by carbon to extract the metal element from the ore.
56 of 181
Potassium or sodium cannot be extracted by Carbon. Why?
These metals are more reactive than carbon.
57 of 181
How do we extract iron from iron ore?
Reducing it using carbon in a blast furnace.
58 of 181
Why is pure iron not very useful?
To soft.
59 of 181
Why would controlled quantities of carbon and other elements be added to iron?
To make alloys such as steel, as these alloys have different properties.
60 of 181
What are 3 examples of steel?
Low carbon steels (easily shaped), high carbon steels (very hard) and stainless steels which are corrosion resistant.
61 of 181
Why are aluminium and titanium useful on a industrial scale?
They resist corrosion.
62 of 181
How do we extract aluminium from molten aluminium oxide?
Electrolysis as it's too reactive for Carbon,
63 of 181
Why are aluminium and titanium expensive to extract?
Involves many stages and large amounts of energy.
64 of 181
Can titanium be extracted from Carbon and are there any disadvantages to this?
Yes, but this would make it very brittle and we use sodium or magnesium.
65 of 181
What are some useful properties of titanium and where is it used?
Useful in jet engines as keeps strength even at high temperatures.
66 of 181
Why is titanium good for use in Nuclear reactors?
Resists high temperatures and it's tough oxide layer means that it resists corrosion.
67 of 181
Name 3 uses of aluminium:
Drinks cans, cooking foil, sauce pans, high-voltage electricity cables, bicycles, air planes.
68 of 181
How is most copper extracted?
Smelting (roasting) copper rich ores.
69 of 181
What is a downside to this?
Our supplies of copper are running out and becoming more scarce.
70 of 181
Name 2 ways in which copper can be extracted.
Electrolysis or displacement using scrap iron.
71 of 181
What is electrolysis also used to purify?
Impure copper (from smelting)
72 of 181
What are two other ways scientists are use to extract copper, than from our scarce reserves?
Bio leaching and phytomining.
73 of 181
What is phytomining?
Some plants absorb copper compounds through their roots. They concentrate these compounds. The plants can be burned to produce an ash that contains the copper compounds. This method of extraction is called phytomining.
74 of 181
What is bioleaching?
Some bacteria absorb copper compounds. They then produce solutions called leachates, which contain copper compounds. This method of extraction is called bioleaching.
75 of 181
What % of our copper comes from bioleaching?
20%
76 of 181
What is a disadvamtage of bioleaching?
It's a slow process. It can take years to extract 50% of metal from a low grade ore.
77 of 181
Where are transition metals found in the periodic table?
The middle centre block.
78 of 181
What are transition metals used for?
Making things and in buildings.
79 of 181
Name a example where transition metals are used.
Copper is used in wiring because of it's high electrical conductivity.
80 of 181
Why is copper, gold and aluminium alloyed with other metals?
To make them harder.
81 of 181
Name a use of copper alloys.
Brass (alloying Copper with Zinc), and can be used for musical instruments.
82 of 181
Name a use for aluminium alloys.
Can be used to build aircraft or armour plating on military vehicles.
83 of 181
Name a use for gold alloys.
Jewellery.
84 of 181
Other than making gold harder, what else can alloying change?
Gold's shape by varying the proportions of two metals.
85 of 181
Pants can remove metals from ______ ores?
Low grade ores
86 of 181
How can these metals be recovered too?
Processing the ash from burning the plants (phytomining)
87 of 181
Name a advantage of using metals in construction.
Coppers a good electrical wiring conductor, aluminium is corrosion resistant.
88 of 181
Name a drawback of using metals in construction.
Iron and steel can rust, thus weakening structures. Metals are also more expensive than other materials such as concrete.
89 of 181
What's the word equation for phytomining?
Iron + copper sulfate ----> iron sulfate + copper
90 of 181
C1 4.1 Crude oils and fuels
C1 4.1 Crude oils and fuels
91 of 181
What is crude oil a mixture of?
Many different compounds.
92 of 181
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound that only contains hydrogen and carbon.
93 of 181
Many of the compounds in crude oil are..?
Hydrocarbons
94 of 181
What are alkanes?
Saturated hydrocarbons.
95 of 181
What does this mean if their saturated?
They contain as many possible hydrogen atoms in their molecules as possible.
96 of 181
What is the order for hydrocarbons in form of 1 carbon, 2C, 3C then 4C?
Methane (1C), Ethane (2C), Propane (3C), Butane (4C).
97 of 181
How can we separate mixtures of substances in crude oil?
Distillation.
98 of 181
What distillation do?
Separates liquids with different boiling points.
99 of 181
How do we separate crude oil?
Separate it into fractions in a distillation column.
100 of 181
What do the properties of each fraction depend on?
The size of their hydrocarbon molecules.
101 of 181
What do lighter fractions make?
Better fuels as they ignite more easily, with less smoky flames. (cleaner flames)
102 of 181
KEY TERMS:
KEY TERMS:
103 of 181
Boiling point:
The temperature at which the liquid boils or gas condenses.
104 of 181
Volatility:
The tendency to turn into a gas
105 of 181
Viscosity:
How easy it flows (thick = high viscosity Very runny = low viscosity)
106 of 181
Flammability:
How easy it burns.
107 of 181
What do the properties of hydrocarbons depend on?
Chain length of their molecules.
108 of 181
What happens when we burn hydrocarbons in plenty of air?
The carbon and hydrogen in the fuel becomes completely oxidises - this then produces CO2 and water.
109 of 181
What happens to sulfur impurities when they burn?
It forms sulphur dioxide, which can damage the environment causing sulphur rain.
110 of 181
What does changing the conditions in which we burn hydrocarbons fuels do?
Can change the products made.
111 of 181
What happens if we burn fuels in insufficient oxygen?
We get poisonous carbon monoxide formed, and unburnt hydrocarbons especially if the fuel is diesel.
112 of 181
At high temperatures in engines, nitrogen from the air reacts with oxygen to form?
nitrogen oxides.
113 of 181
What are dangers of nitrogen oxides?
Can cause breathing problems and acid rain.
114 of 181
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolve in droplets of water in the air reacting with oxygen. What happens then?
They fall as acid rain.
115 of 181
How can we reduce pollution produced by burning fuels?
Treating the pollutants from combustion.
116 of 181
What substances can this remove?
Nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and carbon monoxide.
117 of 181
How can we reduce harmful substances from being released in cars?
A catalytic converter.
118 of 181
What is a catalytic converter?
A device incorporated in the exhaust system of a motor vehicle, containing a catalyst for converting pollutant gases into less harmful ones.
119 of 181
What are biofuels?
A renewable source of energy.
120 of 181
What are the benefits of biofuels?
They could replace fossil fuel burning for fuels.
121 of 181
What can biodiesel be made from?
Vegetable oils
122 of 181
What also is a biofuel that can be made from the sugar of plants?
Ethanol
123 of 181
What is another potential fuel for the future?
Hydrogen
124 of 181
What are disadvantages of biodiesel?
Needs large areas of farmlands to be used, which could be used for food. Also at low temperatures bio diesels will start to freeze, unlike normal fuel.
125 of 181
What are advantages of biodiesel?
Much less harmful to the enviroment; burns much more cleanly, and biodiesel is cheaper.
126 of 181
C1.5 Products from oil
C1.5 Products from oil
127 of 181
How can we split large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules?
Mixing them with steam and heating them to high temperature's OR by passing the vapours over a hot catalyst.
128 of 181
What does cracking produce?
Saturated hydrocarbons which are used as fuels and unsaturated hydrocarbons (called alkenes).
129 of 181
Alkenes react with orange _____ water, turning it _______?
React with bromine water, turning it colourless.
130 of 181
Testing to see if a hydro carbon is saturated or not:
unsaturated hydrocarbon + bromine water (orange-yellow) ---> Products (colourless)
131 of 181
Testing if it's a negative test (meaning it's saturated)
saturated hydrocarbon + bromine water (orange) ---> no reaction (orange)
132 of 181
Plastics are made up of _______?
Polymers
133 of 181
What are polymers?
Large molecules made when monomers (small, reactive molecules) join together.
134 of 181
What is this reaction called?
Polymerisation.
135 of 181
What is a smart polymer?
A polymer that may have properties changed by light, temperature or by other changes in their surroundings.
136 of 181
What are biodegradable plastics decomposed by?
Micro-organisms in soil
137 of 181
What can plastics be made with to help them get broken down in soil?
Can be made with starch granules in their structure to help them get broken down.
138 of 181
What can biodegradable plastics be made from?
Plant material such as cornstarch.
139 of 181
What can ethanol be made from?
Ethene reacting with steam in the presence of a catalyst.
140 of 181
What is this process called where ethanol is made?
Hydration
141 of 181
How is Ethanol also made?
By fermenting sugar (glucose) using enzymes in yeast. CO2 is also made in this reaction.
142 of 181
Using ethene to make ethanol needs what?
Non-renewable crude oil as a raw material.
143 of 181
What's the word equation for Hydration?
ethene + steam --(catalyst)---> ethanol
144 of 181
C1 6.1 Plant oils
C1 6.1 Plant oils
145 of 181
Where and how can vegatable oils be extracted from?
Extracted from plants by pressing or distillation.
146 of 181
What can vegetable oils be used to make?
Biofuels
147 of 181
What do vegetable oils provide?
Nutrients and high energy content.
148 of 181
What do unsaturated oils contain?
Carbon double bonds (C=C)
149 of 181
How can this be detected?
They decolourise bromine water.
150 of 181
What's the word equation for plants photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide+ water ---(chlorophyll (energy from sunlight) ---> gluecose + oxygen
151 of 181
What's the balanced equation for photosyntheses?
6(CO(2) + 6(H2)O ------> (C6)(H12)(O6) + 6(O2)
152 of 181
Why are vegetable oils useful in cooking?
High boiling points.
153 of 181
What's a disadvantage to their use in cooking?
Increases energy content of foods compared to cooking with boiling water.
154 of 181
How are vegetabe oils hardened, and why?
Hardened by reacting with Hydrogen to increase their boiling points.
155 of 181
What catalyst is used and at what C?
With a nickel catalyst at 60C. This adds on C=C bonds onto the veg oil molecules.
156 of 181
Oils do not dissolve in ________?
Water
157 of 181
What do emulsifiers stop?
Oil and water separating out into layers.
158 of 181
How does a emulsifier work?
One part of it's molecule dissolved in oil and one part dissolves in water.
159 of 181
What is a emulsifier?
A substance that stabilizes an emulsion, in particular an additive used to stabilize processed foods.
160 of 181
Why are Vegetable oils believed to be better for your health then saturated animal fats?
Provide nutrients and energy, and are un-saturated.
161 of 181
How do emulsifiers improve the texture of foods?
Allow the water and oils to mix, making fatty foods more appealing to eat.
162 of 181
What is a food additive?
A substance added to food to enhance its flavour or appearance or to preserve it.
163 of 181
C1 7.1 Our changing planet
C1 7.1 Our changing planet
164 of 181
What are the layers of the earth? (from surface to core)
Crust > Mantle > Core > Centre.
165 of 181
Where do the earth's limited resources come from?
It's crusts, oceans and atmosphere.
166 of 181
The earths crust and upper mantle is cracked into a number of massive pieces called?
Tectonic plated which are constantly slowly moving.
167 of 181
What causes the motion of tectonic plates?
Convection currents in the mantle, due to radioactive decay.
168 of 181
What happens when tectonic plates meet and collide?
Earthquakes, and volcanoes.
169 of 181
What was the earth's atmosphere formed by?
Volcanic activity
170 of 181
What did the earth's atmosphere mainly consist of?
CO2 water vapour, and small amounts of methane and ammonia.
171 of 181
What caused the atmosphere's Oxygen levels to increase?
More plants spread over the earth, so the O2 levels increased.
172 of 181
What is one theory about life being made on earth?
Came from reactions involving hydrocarbons (methane/ammonia) and the energy required could be provided by lightning.
173 of 181
What do all these theories have in common?
They cannot be proven, and never have.
174 of 181
What are the 2 main gasses in earth's atmosphere?
Oxygen and nitrogen.
175 of 181
What percentages are these?
80% oxygen and 20% nitrogen.
176 of 181
How can these main gasses in the atmosphere be separated?
Fractional distillation.
177 of 181
Where are these gasses which can be separated (Oxygen and Nitrogen) used?
Used in industry as useful raw materials.
178 of 181
Why has the amount of Carbon in our atmosphere risen?
Due to the large amounts of fossil fuels being burnt.
179 of 181
Where does most of the electricity in the UK come from?
Burning fossil fuels.
180 of 181
---------- END OF C1 ----------
---------- END OF C1 ----------
181 of 181

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are all substances made up of?

Back

Atoms

Card 3

Front

Elements only contain one type of _____?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Compounds contain?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the very basic structure of a atom?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Chemistry resources:

See all Chemistry resources »See all C1 Everything resources »