Chemistry

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What colour does lithium turn?
red
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What colour does sodium turn?
yellow
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What colour does potassium turn?
lilac
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What colour does calcium turn?
orange-red
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What colour does copper turn?
blue-green
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How do you carry out a flame test?
clean nichrome wire loop by dipping in hydrochloric acid and rinsing with distilled water, dip loop into sample of metal compound and put in clear blue part of flame
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How to test metal hydroxides?
add a few drops of sodium hydroxide
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What colour is aluminium at first?
white
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Why does aluminium turn colourless?
when it redissolves in excess NaOH
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What precipitate does calcium form?
white
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What precipitate does copper form?
blue
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What precipitate does Iron (II) form?
green
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What precipitate does Iron (III) form?
brown
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How to test for ammonium ions?
add sodium hydroxide to your substance and gently heat it
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How to test for ammonium gas?
hold damp red litmus paper over it, will turn blue
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Why is it dangerous to sniff ammonia?
at high concentrations it is an irritant and toxic
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How do you test for halide ions?
add dilute nitric acid followed by a few drops of silver nitrate solution
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Why do you add nitric acid when testing for halide ions?
to get rid of any carbonate ions
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What colour precipitate does chloride form?
white
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What colour precipitate does bromide form?
cream
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What colour precipitate does iodide form?
yellow
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How do you test for carbonates?
add some dilute acid, mixture will fizz because CO2 is formed
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How do you test for carbon dioxide?
bubble it through lime water, should turn cloudy
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How do you test for sulfate ions?
add dilute hydrochloric acid, add barium chloride solution, white precipitate will form
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What does the intensity of the measured wavelength indicate?
the concentration of that ion in a solution
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How do you work out concentration from intensity?
using the calibration curve
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Why is flame photography more useful than flame tests?
it is used to identify ions in mixtures, since flame tests only work for substances containing single metal ion
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What are the advantages of using machines for ion tests?
very sensitive, very fast, very accurate
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Alkanes are...
saturated
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Alkenes are...
unsaturated
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What is the general formula for alkanes?
CnH2n+2
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Alkenes have a...
carbon to carbon double bond
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What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
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How can you test for alkenes?
when shaken with bromine water, an alkene will decolourise bromine water turning it from orange to colourless
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What are polymers?
substances of high average relative molecular mass made by joining up lots of small repeating units called monomers
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Monomers that make up addition polymers have...
a double covalent bond
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What is addition polymerisation?
a polymerisation in which monomers are joined together and no small molecules are eliminated
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What can poly(ethene) be used for?
plastic bottles,wire insulation and plastic bags
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What can poly(propene) be used for?
crates, furniture and ropes
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What can poly(chloroethen) be used for?
window frames, water pipes
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What can poly(tetrafluoroethene) be used for?
non-stick pans, waterproof clothing
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What does condensation polymerisation involve?
two different types of monomer
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In condensation polymerisation, for each new bond made...
a small molecule is lost
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How do polyesters form?
when dicarboxylic acid monomers and diol monomers react together
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What is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with the alcohol group?
an ester link
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What are polyesters?
condensation polymers
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each time an ester link is formed...
a molecule of water is lost
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DNA is made up of....
nucleotide monomers
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What are the impacts of polymers being disposed in landfill sites?
loss of valuable land, non bio-degradable
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What are the impacts of polymers being disposed of by combustion?
burning plastics can generate electricity, toxic gases are released, carbon dioxide released which contributes to global warming
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What are the advantages of recycling polymers?
reduces amount of plastic in landfills, reduces emissions of greenhouse gases, reduces amount of crude oil needed
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What are the disadvantages of recycling polymers?
expensive to separate, can only be recycled a certain number of times
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What is the functional group of alcohols?
OH
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What is the general formula for an alcohol?
CnH2n+1
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First four alcohols are...
methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol
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When alcohols are oxidised what do they make?
carboxylic acids
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What is the general formula of carboxylic acids?
Cn-1H2n-1
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First four carboxylic acids are...
methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic acid
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What are fermentation?
the process of using yeast to convert a type of carbohydrate into alcohol
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What is the formula of fermentation?
C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What colour does sodium turn?

Back

yellow

Card 3

Front

What colour does potassium turn?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What colour does calcium turn?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What colour does copper turn?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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