Chemistry

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Sublimation
Changing state without the liquid phase, ie straight from a gas to a solid or visa versa
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Solids
Regular particle pattern, can’t be squashed
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Liquid
Particles are close together but can flow, can’t be squashed
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Gas
Irregular pattern, widely spread particles which are free to move around, can be squashed
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Filtration
Used to separate two components of a mixture - one solid and one liquid
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Crystallisation
When a solid is dissolved in water it can be recovered by evaporation and crystallisation, as water evaporates from the solution the solid will appear as crystals
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Solution
Solid dissolved in water
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Chromatography
Method of separating components of ink
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Mobile phase
The solvent moves up the paper
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Stationary phase
The paper doesn’t move
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Sedimentation
Removes large sediment
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Chlorination
Makes the water pure
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Atom
Contains protons and neutrons in its nucleus and electrons arrange in shells around the nucleus
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Proton
Prositively charged
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Electron
Negatively charged
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Neutron
Neutrally charged
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Atomic number
Represents the number of protons in an atom
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Mass number
Number of protons + number of neutrons
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Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
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Catalyst
Substances that change the rate of a chemical reaction
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Fractional distillation
Method of separating crude oil into fractions
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Petroleum gases
Sold in cylinders as bottled gas for use in gas cookers and camping stoves, they burn easily at low temperatures
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Gasoline
Petrol
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Naphtha
Used o make plastics, drugs, medicines and fabrics
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Kerosine
Used to fuel aeroplanes
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Gas oil
Used in central heating boilers and used as diesel
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Mineral oil
Used in lubricants, candles and polishes
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Fuel oil
Fuel for ships, power stations and industrial machinery
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Bitumen
Used as tar for roads
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Hydrocarbons
Compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon
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Isomers
Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structure
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Complete combustion of alkanes
Alkane + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
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Incomplete combustion of alkanes
Alkane + oxygen = carbon monoxide + water
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Cracking
Reaction involving breaking down large alkane molecules into shorter alkanes and small alkene molecules, the shorter alkanes can be used as fuels and the alkenes to make polymers
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Addition polymerisation
Alkenes can join together by breaking their double bonds to form long chain molecules. The alkenes are called monomers and the long chains are called polymers. These are formed by an addition reaction
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Condensation polymers
This type of reaction involves the formation of a polymer formed when two different monomers react together to form a polymer and a small molecule such as water
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Chemically inert
Unreactive
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Natural polymers - starch
Starch is a polymer based upon sugars
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Natural polymers - protein
Proteins are polymers based on amino acids
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Natural polymers - DNA
DNA is a polymer made from four different monomers called nucleotides
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Ore
A mineral from which a metal may be extracted
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Electrolysis
Used to remove potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminium - split from their ore using electricity
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Reduction
Used to remove carbon, zinc, iron, tin, lead and hydrogen - reduced by carbon to remove the oxygen
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Native/noble
Copper, silver, gold and platinum are found native - no extraction needed
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Oxidation (not involving electrons)
The addition of oxygen to a compound
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Reduction (not involving electrons j
The removal of oxygen from a compound
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Acid equation - Acid + Alakli =
A salt + water
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Acid equation - Acid + base =
A salt + water
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Acid equation - Acid + metal carbonate =
A salt + water + carbon dioxide
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Acid equation - Acid + metal =
A salt + hydrogen
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Test for hydrogen
Squeaky pop using a lighted splint
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Displacement reactions
Involve a metal and a compound of a different metal - a more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal from its compound
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Thermit
A special displacement reaction
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Used to carry out an environmental impact of a product, and provides information on whether it is worthwhile to manufacture and recycle a product. It looks at extraction of materials, manufacture, use and disposal
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Transition metals
Elements found between group 2 and 3 in the periodic table, often used as catalyst and often make compounds that have coloured solutions
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Alloy
A mixture of metals with make them more advantageous as they have beneficial characteristics such as magnetism and strength
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Covalent bonding
Takes place between non metal atoms and involves the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons
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Fullerene
Large carbon molecules containing cage like structures
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Giant covalent structures
Contain many atoms joined by covalent bonds
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Ceramic
Solids made by baking a starting material in a very hot over or kiln
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Conposites
Made from two or more different types of materials bonded together
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Moles - Formula mass
Add the mass numbers together
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Moles - Mass of substance
Number of moles x formula mass
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Moles - Avogadro Constant
One mole of particles of a substance can be defined as the Avogadro Constant number of particles of that substance (6.02x10 to the 23 atoms, molecules or ions)
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Moles - Atom Economy
Relative formula mass of useful product / relative formula msss of all products (x100)
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Moles - Percentage Yield
Actual yield / theoretical yield (x100)
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Moles - Theoretical Yield
Mass of start material / formula mass of start material (x formula mass of product)
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Moles - Concentration
Number of moles / volume
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Exothermic reaction
Reactions where energy is transferred to the surroundings and the temperature of the surroundings increases
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Endothermic reaction
Reactions where energy is absorbed from the surroundings and the temperature of the surroundings decreases
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Activation energy
The about of energy required to start the reaction
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Enthalpy
Change in energy
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Dynamic Equilibrium
A situation in which reactants are constantly being converted into products and products are constantly being converted back into reactants. The rates of the forward and backward reactions are the same.
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Equilibria - increasing the concentration of reactants
Moves to the right hand side
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Equilibria - decreasing the concentration of products
Moves to the right hand side
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Equilibria - increasing the pressure acting on the reaction
Moves to the right hand side
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Equilibria - Increasing the temperature of the reaction
Moves to the right hand side
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Electrolysis
The breaking down of an ionic compound by the passage of an electrical current
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Anode
Positive electrode
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Cathode
Negative electrode
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Anions
Negative ions
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Cations
Positive ions
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Electrolyte
The liquid undergoing electrolysis
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Aqueous
Dissolved in water
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Water (formula)
H2O
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Carbon dioxide (formula)
CO2
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Chlorine (formula)
Cl2
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Ammonia (formula)
NH3
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Hydrogen (formula)
H2
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Oxygen (formula)
O2
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Ammonium (formula)
NH4 +
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Nitrate (formula)
NO3 -
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Sulfate (formula)
SO4 2-
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Hydroxide (formula)
OH -
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Carbonate (formula)
CO3 2-
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Oxidising
Provides oxygen which allows other materials to burn more fiercely
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Environmental hazard
Harmful to organisms and to the environment
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Toxic
Can cause death e.g. by swallowing, breathing in etc.
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Harmful
Can cause irritation, reddening or blistering of the skin
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Highly Flammable
Catches fire easily
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Corrosive
Destroys materials, including living tissue e.g. skin
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Proton relative mass
1
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Neutron relative mass
1
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Electron relative mass
0.0005
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Subatomic particles
Protons, neutrons and electrons
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Dmitri Mendeleev
Made the first proper periodic table
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Period
Horizontal rows of the periodic table
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Group
Vertical columns of the periodic table
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Redox reaction
When reduction and oxidation take place at the same time
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Phytoextraction / Phytomining
Using plants to absorb metal compounds from the ground through their roots. The plants are then burned to produce an ash containing a high concentration of the metal compounds
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The Haber Process
Used to produce ammonia
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Ammonia reversible reaction equation
N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Regular particle pattern, can’t be squashed

Back

Solids

Card 3

Front

Particles are close together but can flow, can’t be squashed

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Irregular pattern, widely spread particles which are free to move around, can be squashed

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Used to separate two components of a mixture - one solid and one liquid

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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